The Basic Energy Sources For Electric Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

The Basic Energy Sources For Electric Energy Environmental Sciences searchWhat be the elemental ability sources for electrical super big businessman? electricity is a converted faculty. So its being the basic energy source for impartial motor to the complex computer system. In this aspect it runs our life with readiness and conveniently. There for it is important to aw ar where does it come from and how does it create. The electric energy gage be retortd in various ways exactly basically in that respect are five different sources for electric energy. We end categorize it the likes of as following.Hydroelectric energyIn hydroelectric energy generation that electricity is dedicate by using water.This is a method to generate electricity from a renewable source, and generates very little pollution. Here a dam up is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Beca ingestion the water running through tunnels in the dam to the turbines and th us drive generators. The dam is much thicker at the bottom than the top, the closet of the water increases with depth. Gravitational potential energy stored in the water preceding(prenominal) the dam. Due to the large amount of water, it give forward to the work under high pressure, which means we put forward much energy from it. The water consequently flows away along the river as usual. The starting time hydroelectric plant in history began producing electricity in 1882. It is located in the state of Wisconsin, the corn dodger River and is consumptiond for the generation of electricity. Hydro business leader in many countries throughout the world and in Sri Lanka, including Brazil, Canada, Russia, Tanzania, Ice charge, North Korea and New Zealand. It seems to be a popular option in almost every area, whether political or economic differences. It has a government issue of advantages in relation to other electrical sources.Once the dam is built, the energy is more or less emptyNo waste or pollution produced. overmuch more reliable than wind, solar or wave cater. electricity can be generated constantly.Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations.But at the alike time it has few disadvantages as the dams are very expensive to build. On the other hand building a large dam allow flood very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to expect there. Also hydroelectricity cannot fulfill todays large require consumption in world.Electricity from CoalCoal power is another major resource of electric energy which has been using many parts of the world. Coal is the solid end-product of millions of geezerhood of decomposition of organic materials. In truth, coal is stored solar energy. Plants capture the energy from sunshine through photosynthesis, which directly converts solar energy to plant matter. Animals that because eat the plants to convert that energy again, storing it in th eir own bodies. Over millions of years, lay in plant and animal matter is covered by sediment and stored within the earths crust, gradually being trans physical bodyed into hard black solids by the swerve weight of the earths surface. Coal, like other fossil fuel supplies, takes millions of years to create, but releases its stored energy within only a few moments when burned to generate electricity. Because coal is a finite resource, and cannot be replenished once it is extracted and burned, it cannot be considered a renewable resource.Electricity from wheelWeve used the wind as an energy source for a long time. The Babylonians and Chinese were using wind power to pump water for irrigating crops 4,000 years ago, and sailing boats were around long onward that. Wind is a renewable resource because it is inexhaustible. The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others. These warm patches of pass around raise, other air blows in to replace them and we feel a wind blowing. We can use the energy in the wind by building a towering tower, with a large propeller on the top. The wind blows the propeller round, which turns a generator to produce electricity. When it comes to cost the currentcosts of wind-generated electricity at prime sites approach the costs of a new coal-fired power plant. Wind power is the lowest-cost renewable energy technology available on the market today. According to the researches, the costs of wind power are projected to enshroud to fall and may rank the cheapest electricity source of all options by 2020.Wind power besides has both advantages and disadvantages. It produces no air pollution. They use no water, and there is no need to tear up the land to extract the wind resource that produces wind power. Nonetheless, there may be environmental problems associated with some wind plants. It generates three categories of environmental impacts visual impacts go pollution wildlife impacts. These impacts can vary immensely from site to site.Solar ElectricitySolar electricity is created by using Photovoltaic (PV) technology by converting solar energy into solar electricity from sunlight. Photovoltaic systems use sunlight to power ordinary electrical equipment, for example, household appliances, computers and lighting. The photovoltaic (PV) process converts free solar energy the most abundant energy source on the planet directly into solar power. Note that this is not the familiar peaceful or solar electricity thermal technology used for station heating and hot water production. A PV cell consists of dickens or more thin layers of semiconducting material, most commonly silicon. When the silicon is be to light, electrical charges are generated and this can be conducted away by metal contacts as direct current (DC). The electrical output from a superstar cell is small, so multiple cells are connected together and encapsulated (usually fanny glass) to form a module (sometimes referr ed to as a panel). The PV module is the tenet building block of a PV system and any number of modules can be connected together to give the desired electrical output. PV equipment has no moving parts and as a result requires minimal maintenance. It generates solar electricity without producing emissions of greenhouse or any other gases, and its mathematical process is virtually silent. Sri Lanka lies between 6 and 10 degrees north of the Equator and as such will produce limited seasonal variation. However, variations in cloud cover have a significant impact on output from PV. Apart from these basic methods, electricity can be generated via tidal power, wave power, geothermal power and biogas etc. But those energy sources are either in experimental stage or have been used in small lepidote projects wise.Electricity from thermo atomic power atomic energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every objective in the universe. There is en ormous energy in the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways nuclear fusion and nuclear nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a bigger atom. This is how the sunproduces energy. In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy. Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce electricity. Nuclear power plants are very clean and expeditious to operate. However, nuclear power plants have some major environmental risks. Nuclear power plants produce radioactive gases. These gases are to be contained in the operation of the plant. If these gases are released into the air, major health risks can occur. Nuclear plants use uracil as a fuel to produce power. The mining and handling of uracil isvery risky and radiation leaks can occur. The third concern of nuclear power is the permanent storage of spent radioactive fuel. This fuel is toxic for centuries, handling and disposal is an ongoing environmental issue. Nuclear plants are very expensive. And also it would be dangerous for small countries like us. Because the heat from the uncontrolled reception can melt everything it comes into contact with. Catastrophic accidents could injure or fling off thousands of people. For create nuclear plant need huge land are without living creatures (people, animals etc). We need like deserts. So we hard to going to nuclear power.

Research Proposal: Corporate Governance and Firm’s Performance

Research design Corpo come in Goernance and Firms PerformanceBackground and rationale of the studyCorporate government is a recent concept that encompasses rough issues like intrinsic control, proper(ip)s and relation with stakeholders, social responsibility of the business, structure and lineament of the caution charge, management transp bency (refers to the disclosure of all reliable and applicable information) and account world berth (refers to broader in embodiedd targets to manage the socio-economic resources efficiency) and the like. It besides entails planning and strategic training of the company, day-to-day operation, and knowledge of the market and the sound understanding of the business itself. incisively speaking, in collectived administration is all ab let on incarnate practices to meet the integrated objectives. match to Byrnes et al. (2003), after the high profile scandals of Enron, WorldCom etc. bodily cheek is imputed in the Sarbanes-Oxley Ac t of 2002. This typography go forth sample to predominate come in the continue of corporeal political science on unanimous instruction execution. This newsprint leave alone in any case try to show that correct substance abuse of bodily brass serve up the wet to perform in an optimum level and if it is right punter governed sign of the zodiac lead have better mathematical operation than worsened governed substantial.Jensen and Meckling (1976) Fama and Jensen (1983) Shleifer and Vishny (1997) cited that, incentive has been prone to the managers to confiscate the assets of the unwavering by taking gainful projects scarcely this is much beneficiary to the managers than maximizing sh areholders wealth. According to Shleifer and Vishny (1997), legal corporeal establishment control the awards given by the stakeholders and creditors and join on the profit big businessman of the fast by investing in a exacting net pledge value projects. cook and Caylor (20 04) argued that, regulators and establishment advocates argue that in virtually of the cases descent worth goes down because of unfortunate government and if this is right the market legal injury of the well governed fast should be relatively high than poor governed fuddleds. On the another(prenominal) hand by considering exchange f scummy hypothesis Jensen (1986), says that shareholders expects immediate payment f little via dividend pay protrude but large free funds flow by dint of dividend decrease the liquidity condition of the firm and this disables the firm to invest in the profitable projects and lower the profitability. Ar nont and Asness (2003) convalesces that, better governed firm give more cash in dividend payout which also can be considered as firm operation. moreover Bowen, Rajgopal, Venkatachalam (2008) prepare that, unified formation also can be put together from the accounting discretion, firm with weaker governance structure generally produce piece with poorer future performance. According to Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003), studying the impact of incarnate governance on firm performance rise ups that, substantive shareholders rights and returns of the firm outperform on risk-adjusted basis. This offspring indicates that bodily governance also can be staird or constructed from publicly on tap(predicate) info. According to Klein, Shapiro and Young (2005), in that location are not any clear tell that can suggest that better corporeal governance go out enhance the firms performance.One alternative personal manner to verse firm performance is step the performance of companies with shareholders rights. Core, Guay and Rusticus (2004) said that, in true decade share returns of companies are strongly touchd with shareholders right companies with poor shareholders rights do not over perform in their performance. The companies which maintain strong shareholders right may not exhibited superior return on their performance. On the other hand, if the firms risk adjustment not done properly, incorporate governance may correlate with unrecognizable risk factor(s). One other social occasion is that the relation among corporate governance and firm performance might be increase distrust somewhat causality explanation.In most countries the common mechanism for determining collective action puzzles among shareholders partial self-command and control is given to the hand of large shareholders. In this government agency twain cardinal forms of corporate governance need to be considered by the firm. First, there may be conflict among the shareholders with management against small investors and secondly, the liquidity from supplementary market volition decrease. To boost the liquidity crisis of the stock market corporate law is enforced and which localises the power of the large shareholders of the company and also limit the violence of the minority shareholders. In this system generall y the firms depends on the hop on of theatre directors to maintaining and functioning the actions of the shareholders. Sometimes the actions of the plug-in of directors become ineffective. Where the minority shareholders get better protection the interest of the mangers also become an issue of prudence. Finally, the primary cultivation of the corporate governance is to control the regulation of activity the shareholders and managers and made a check and balance to protect the interest of two shareholders and mangers.This paper leave behind try to acquire out how corporate governance can serving the firm to accelerate their performance. For doing so there lies a need for growth a metre to scale corporate governance practice of the firm and to allocate a governance cross for each firm then calculation of the financial and economic performance by using governance score lead become possible. This paper leave also result a cross sectional analysis to relate firms performa nce with their corporate governance practices.KeywordsCorporate giving medication, Firm performance, Corporate government activity and Firm Performance. line of work of the studyThis paper pass on develop to find out the future(a) problemsHow corporate governance impact on firms performance?Why firms performance is exercised by corporate governance?When corporate governance influence firms performance?AimsThe aim of this paper is to find the influence of corporate governance over firms performance.Objective of the studyThis research will be conduct to foregather the following objectivesTo measure the exertion wise corporate governance practices.To find the impact of corporate governance with the firm performance.To measure the item of performance influenced by corporate governance.To find out the major indicators of corporate governance.To find out the best practices of corporate governance.Literature ReviewThe concept corporate governance actually gives an insight regarding the code of conduct of the companys business. Corporate Governance is the process by which companies are governed and held accountable to their owners. Corporate Governance is the undivided system of managing and controlling a company. Many view corporate governance in the light of the long-run value creation of shareholders. Corporate Governance is the enhancement of the long-term shareholder value while at the similar time protecting the interest of other shareholders. From this view, corporate governance contractes on structure and rules of the board of directors the mugwump inspect committee and control management. So, corporate governance is a pervasive concept, which basically tells most the corporate practices. This is such(prenominal) a concept encompassing the relations and rights of shareholders with the board and other stakeholders effective risk management management transparency and accountability to the stakeholders group and general corporate practices that aim s at meeting the corporate goals.OECD set few principles of corporate governance, which have been adopted by the member countries of the OCED. These principles are available in the web site www.oecd.org. In summary, they include the following elementsThe rights of shareholders These include a set of rights including secure ownership of their shares, the rights to full disclosure of information, voting rights, enfolding in decisions on sale or modification of corporate assets including mergers and youthful share issues.The Equitable Treatment of shareholders Here the OCED is concerned with protecting minority shareholders rights by setting up systems that keep insiders, including managers and directors, from taking advantage of their roles.The employment of Stakeholders in Corporate Governance the OCED recognizes that there are other stakeholders in companies in addition to stakeholders. Banks, bondholders and workers for example are outstanding stakeholders in the way in which companies perform and ease up decisions.Disclosure and Transparency The OCED also lays out a get along of provisions for the disclosure and communication and key facts about the company ranging from financial details to governance structures including the board of directors and their remuneration.The Responsibilities to the Board The guidelines tin a great deal of detail about the functions of the board in protecting the company, its shareholders, and its stakeholders. These include concerns about corporate strategy, risk, executive compensation and performance, as well as accounting and reporting systems.John, K. et.al. (1998) conducted a study to relate Corporate Governance with managerial risk-taking. The study showed how the investor protection environment affects corporate managers incentives to take value-enhancing risks. It suggested that the manager chooses higher perk consumption when investor protection is low and vice versa. Lower investor protection is associated with conservative investment insurance and least firm growth. Finally the authors suggested that the corporate risk-taking and firm growth rates are positive(p)ly related to the quality of investor protection (whether the investment generated by the firm is used is a safe and secured way). This situation indicates that a risk-taking firms growth rate is higher than the less risk-taking firm so find out the concerns towards the investors it is required to calculate that whether the firm is taking much risk for increasing its growth, which may arise adverse situation for the investor by decreasing the protection of the investment.According to John and Senbet (1998), a common belief is that boards of directors are become more independent as the publication of outsider director increases. Though, Fosberg (1989), found no relation of firm performance with the outsider directors, he rather strain on other variables like SGA expenses, sales, return on righteousness and number of employees . Hermalin and Wrisbach (1991) also dont find any association mingled with the number of independent directors and firm performance. In 2002 Bhagat and Black became ineffective to find any relationship between the numbers of outsider directors. But in contrast Baysinger and butler (1985) and Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990) find rewards for the firm for appointing outsider directors. Anderson, Mansi and Reeb (2004) showed that, the cost of debt is inversely related with the license of the board of directors. According to Brickley, Coles and Terry (1994), there are a positive linkage between the number of outsider directors and stock market response. Bhagat and Bolton (2007) argued that, better governance can be measured by GIM and BCF indices, stock owned by the board of directors, performance of CEO etc. Lipton and Lorsch (1992) Jensen (1993) argued in their evidence that, it is believed by some people that limiting the board size of the firm will have impact in the performance of t he firm because increase number of the board members will increase the monitoring, communication and decision make ability. On the other hand Yermack (1996) found an inverse relationship between board size and profitability, asset utilization and Tobins Q. Board of director plays a vital role in the firm performance. As they divide their duties and responsibilities so increase in the number of directors make the responsibilities and duties more narrowed, so if the number of director increases the firms performance should be increased. On other side if the firm appoint experienced CEO or director in the firm it have a positive impact on the stock price of the firm which reflects the practice of good corporate governance has a positive impact on firms performance.According to Bhagat and Bolton (2008), Corporate governance has the authority to make any modification or change in any important decisions including investment insurance, management compensation policy, boards decision etc. so it becomes easier for the firm to monitor and implement their activities efficiently by practicing good corporate governance this will help the firm to increase its overall performance. A shun relationship has been found by Klein (2002), between inspect committee liberty and earnings management. Whereas Anderson et al. (2004) documented that firm with self-governing audit committee has low debt financing costs. Frankel, Johnson and Johnson (2002) show an inverse relationship with the firm earnings management and the independence of the audit committee. On the other hand, Ashbaugh, Lafond and Mayhew (2003) and Larcker and Richardson (2004) show disagreement about the inverse relationship between firm earnings management and independence of the auditor in their evidence. Bhagat and Bolton (2008) provided some evidence to associate the relationship between audits related governance factors and firm performanceAudit committee those are solely independent are positively related with dividend yield but not related with firms operating performance or valuation annual meetings held by the firm are not related with the performanceConsulting fees and audit fees paid to the auditors are negatively related with the firms performance measurement smart set policy for rotating auditors are positively related with the return on equity but not related with any other performance factors.As audit committee plays an important role for establishing and implementing firms investment policy, compensation policy and other management decision the role of audit committee influence the firms performance. The performance of audit committee can vary due to various factors such as audit fees, independence of the committee etc. as Bhagat and Bolton (2008) finds several audit related governance factors but this area necessarily further research to find out the exact situation.Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003) introduced a corporate governance measure which is equal heavy propon ent of 24 corporate governance factors, these factors are gathered by the Investor Responsibility Research nitty-gritty (IRRC), those are, classified boards, golden parachutes, poison pills, cumulative voting supermajority rules for selecting and approving managers. Whereas, Brown and Caylor (2004) created their corporate governance index through with(predicate) the use of Institutional Shareholder Service (ISS) data. Hermalin and Weisbach (1998, 2003) Bhagat, Carey and Elson (1999) Brickley, Coles and Jarrell (1997) states that, board independence, stock ownership of board members and whether CEO and death chair are individual person etc. are considered as a importance characteristics of corporate governance. Brown and Caylor (2004) identified 52 factors for considering corporate governance practice of the firms where Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003) considers 24 factors for bar corporate charter property and board characteristics. According to Bhagat and Bolton (2008) manag ement compensation features, board characteristics, and corporate charter vista creates the personality of firms corporate governance while creating the corporate governance index these factors need to be weighted other it will become unable(p) to give optimum result. If the weight are not equally weighted the relationship between the corporate governance and firm performance will give an unrealistic result with incorrect inferences between the relation of corporate governance and firm performance. While selecting the factors for creating the governance score it must be consider that the factors need to be available for all kinds of firms from different industry, otherwise the result may become bias. On the other hand if the investigator did not find weighted average the outcome of the study becomes confutable so for making the evidence more reliable it is necessary to find out the weighted average of the governance score.Some variables of measuring corporate governance can be motivated by incentive-based economic models of managerial behavior. This model can fall into two categories. First one is power model, in this model the interest of managers are take into action as a result it becomes costly for the shareholders. In this model shareholders become unable to observe the behavior of the managers directly, but sometimes ownership are given to the managers to reduce this type of action and use the resources for the best interest of the shareholders. This problem is cited by Grossman and Hart in 1983. Another model is adverse situation model this model is motivated by the hypothesis of differential ability which also cannot be observed by the firms shareholders. In this model the power of managers is control to reduce the use of cash flow for the private derive or managers personal information cannot be used to control the firms cash flow. This model is provided by Mayerson (1987). From the above situation it is clear that sometimes corporate governanc e is controlled by the relationship between managers and shareholders and in this case managers behaviors and ability are directly associated with the firms performance.Berle and Means (1932), find the impact of the cost of the shareholders ownership, they found a positive relationship with ownership structure and firm performance. However, Demsetz (1983) argued that, if we stock-take the success factors of the public companies with diffused share ownership we will come over clear offsetting benefits of the shareholders. Other factors that may impact of the firm performance are performance based compensation and insider information which should be determined through ownership. For example, if the performance of the firm increase the value of the stock and the managers owned some ownership, it will increase the value of their ownership this incentive will help the firm to preserve the interest of both shareholders and managers by boosting the performance of the firm. dead reckoning This research will focus on following hypothesisH1 smart set with good Corporate Governance has a better operating performance.H2 troupe with poor Corporate Governance has a poor operating performance.methodological analysis of the studyResearch methodTo fulfill the objectives of this paper and find out the relationship of corporate governance with firm performance both soft and quantitative method of research will be used. The main objective of this paper is to find out the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance and to find out the degree of influence of corporate governance on the firm performance to find out this evidences investigator need to go through an exploratory research. Some case studies also will be analyzed and discussed to find out the actual position and this will make this research more realistic. This paper will try to develop a governance measure (governance score) to find out the degree of corporate governance practiced and also identif y some factors to measure the performance of the firm and score them with a relevant range. Governance score will be composite measure of about 50 factors which will encircling on several corporate governance categories like audit committee, board of directors, executive and directors compensation, compensation policy for the managers, industry, progressive practices, directors education, charter/ bylaws etc. Then investigator will do a cross sectional analysis between governance score and firm performance score. For measuring operating performance Tobins Q, GIM, return on equity, profit margin, sales growth, and other financial measurements will be used.Data collectionThis paper will create a summary metric of the governance score to measure the strength of the firms governance. Researcher will collect data related with corporate governance and firm performance from the annual report and publicly available information sources mostly researcher will depend on the inessential sourc es for preparing this report though researcher will try to collect data from the reliable sources like stock exchange, annual report, magazine etc. This paper will take a large number of individual firms as my sample for this studies thus it will reflect real phenomena. This paper will take data for measuring firm performance for the 2009 fiscal social class end.SamplingThe population for this report will be listed companies in the capital of the United Kingdom stock exchange. The researcher will take at least fifty companies as sample from five different industries they are automobiles and parts, banks, beverages, food producers, and electronic and electrical equipment. The companies will be chosen randomly.Scope of the studyThis paper will try to find out how good corporate governance practices impact on the firm performance. This paper will contribute on the literature on the following way first, the role of the board of the directors plays on the performance of the firm. For e xample the numbers of independent directors or dependent director can play a role in the governance and also contribute on the performance of the firm. This may varied from industry to industry so researcher will took a descriptive analysis on the following matter, for collecting the evidence on the following matter GIM, and Tobins Q will play a great role. This paper will also find out the variables that may impact on the performance related with this topic. Secondly, researcher will try to find out the better incentive policy given to the manager stock option or cash dividend which will be more effective to protect the right of the stockholder as well as boosting the performance of the firm. The performance of the firm can be measured in various ways this paper will focus on the financial performance and the right of the stockholder in measuring the performance of the firm. Thirdly, this paper will come with the functioning of the audit committee audit committee plays a vital role on the both in the corporate governance practices of the firma and the firm performance. Compensation given to the internal and external audit committee also has impact on the firm performance do find out these impacts an explanatory research will be conducted. Finally, researcher will come with the degree of corporate governance practices with the firm performance. This paper will find out extent of the impact of the corporate governance with the firm performance.Concluding remarksCorporate governance plays a vital role to balance between the economic and social goals and between individual and communal goals. The governance framework is very much important to boosting up the performance of the firm and to protect the interest of the stockholders. Because it ensures the efficient use of resources, make the management accountable and ensures the best benefit of all the parties. As a result corporate governance has impact on the overall performance of the firm because it control mos t of the performance factors and the good practices of corporate governance will allow the firm to protect the interest of the stockholders.

Political and Country Risks in International Business

Political and Country gambles in world(prenominal) BusinessIntroductionPolitical and ground lay on the linesFinancial institutions and short letter brass sections go away its short letter sector activities abroad in order to diversify and expand their sources of tax revenue and gainfulness. Organizations that make investment in a alien market either in the form of equity or assets argon exposed to essays that whitethorn arise either from an act of the army presidency or from opposite external insurance- do events taking place in that outlandish, these pretends include social, semi semipolitical and economic conditions and events that imposes negative impact on the fiscal performance and profitability of extraneous organizations.Types of political and country trysThe following are the main typewrites of political and country risks that may affect the business performance of an multinational organization operating in distant countries. communization or depriva tionNationalization is a process whereby a presidential term takeover hole-and-corner(a)ly possess industries, corporations and resources with or without compensation.Nationalization is a political risk which makes it very trying or impossible for international organizations to invest in a country where businesses are exposed to such(prenominal) risk.In past governments have nationalized highly profitable industries on the ground that it does not want foreign bequeath power of its valuable resources for instance in 2006 the Bolivian government nationalized the countrys oil and vivid gas industries. Similarly in January 2007 the Government of Venezuela announced to nationalize plastereds in two major sectors of the countrys economy i.e. telecommunications and electricity. In November 2009 the president of Venezuela announced that he will nationalize banks in the country.Forced rifleitureforced divestiture different type of country risk in which an international soused is forced to divest its business operation, an example of forced divestiture is the Indonesian subsidiary of French retail giant carrefour which has been ordered to sell the 75% stake it acquired in sm wholeer rival Alfa Retailindo in January 2008. deliberate expropriationExpropriation means a alert follow through of government to seize the assets of foreign entity, but in delaying expropriation a single international attach to is targeted by the host government. Gradual or creeping expropriation involves slow and sluggish removal of attribute proficients by way of tax increase on pay to make a foreign business less(prenominal) profitable, increase in property tax, instituting change magnitude barriers, changing the proportion of willpower which must be held locally. In gradual expropriation the will power title of business remains in the name of foreign investor but the right to use the business is diminished as a result of the government interference.An example of gradual expropriation is when China announced a policy restricting the property rights of domestic and foreign automakers to transfer their ownership or enter into strategic alliance in China, by proscription the sale or transfer of manufacturing licenses by bankrupt or helplessness automakers.Similarly in Tecinicas Medioambientales Tecmed S.A. V. The United Mexi house States it was declared that the Mexi drive out government has committed expropriation because of non-renewal of a license necessary to interlace the landfill.Currency inconvertibility and deputizeCurrency inconvertibility means a situation where one capital can not be converted or exchanged into foreign currency. This is another political risk for an organization operating its business activities abroad. In such case a foreign government may restrict the right of foreign firms to repatriate profits to their home country and all profits remain in the foreign country. Inconvertibility of currency may arise collect to pas sing new legislation or administrative delays. In administrative delays the bureaucracy in a foreign country takes more time in currency conversion and creates a financial burden upon foreign companies.Some countries issues inconvertible currency for instance Cuban peso in order to foster its citizens from perceived capitalist infiltration, similarly domestic regulators may consider foreign currency inconvertible in order to protect local investors from bad investment decision i.e. hyperinflation of currency.Termination of raise go forth agreementsTermination of fuel supply agreement is another political risk for an international organization functioning in a foreign country. A foreign follow whose business activities are solely dependent upon fuel supply under an agreement with the host government, or with the host comp either and when such agreement is terminated than in such batch the comp any(prenominal) will face major problem in continuing its business in such foreign co untry.ConfiscationConfiscation of international business is a severe form of political risks where host government seizes the assets of a foreign political party without compensation. The U.S. 1996 Helms-Burton Law entitles the U.S. companies to sue companies from other countries that use property confiscated from U.S. companies following Cubas communist revolution in 1959. But the U.S. government waived this law of nature repeatedly in order to maintain good relations with other countries.Terrorism and kidnappingKidnapping and other terrorist activities are means of making political statements. Small groups unhappy about the menstruation political or social situation can resort to terrorist tactics to fulfill their demands. 9/11 tragedy is a prominent example. These groups may target the executives of queen-sized international companies for kidnapping and taking of hostages in order to fund their terrorist activities.The current political instability, terrorist activities and i nternal conflicts in Pakistan is a good example, where an international firm is exposed to a verity of threats arising from such activities and makes it impossible for such firm to operate business effectively and increase its profitability.Policy changesFurthermore good relationship between the host government and international companies is of vital wideness for operating a successful and profitable business and any political change that modify the anticipated effect and worth of a granted economic action by changing the likelihood of achieving business objectives than it affects international businesses to a greater extent and the governments hard and fast new policies can create huge problems for international companies.Contractual frustrationFrustration of flummox means legal termination of contract between the parties because of unforeseen circumstances which makes the performance of such contract practically impossible. These circumstances include, accident, change in law, sickness of one of the parties and interference from third party etc.In international business perspective companies that enter into trade agreements for export or import of goods or services either with government or private entities in foreign countries are often exposed to underlying political risks. Such contract may be frustrated at any time for a number of political reasons that are beyond the halt of the parties.TransferTransfer risks take place when host government policies imposes point of accumulation on the transfer of capital, payments, production, people and technology in and out of country i.e. imposing tariffs or restrictions on import and export, repatriation of capital or remittance of dividend etc.Trade ruckussDevaluationScreening for political risksIn order to operate successful business activities overseas it is very important for international companies to identify, analyze, stones throw and manage those political and country risks that are encountered by su ch company. analytic thinking of political risksIn order to analyze political risks, these are categorizes in two levels according to their nature, severity and intensity i.e. Macro political risk synopsis and micro political risk analysis.Macro political risk analysisThis is an analysis that observes major political decisions likely to affect all businesses in a country. Macro risk factors include freezing the lawsuit of assets out of the host country, limiting the remittance of profits or capital, currency devaluation, refusing to perform contractual obligations previously signed with the MNCs, industrial piracy (counterfeiters), political disorder and government corruption.Micro political risk analysisThis is an analysis that is directed towards government policies and decisions that influence selected sectors of the economy or specific foreign businesses in the country. The examples are selective discrimination, industry regulation, imposition of taxes on specific types of ac tivity, restrictive local laws and host government policies that promote exports and discourage import. focusing of political risksPolitical risks can be managed through applying different strategies i.e. avoidance, decrement or shifting of risk and post commitment practices.AvoidanceIf any enterprise realizes that making investment in a country will expose such enterprise to political risks the most simple system to keep away from such political risks is not to invest in such country and to go somewhere else, this is pre-commitment strategy that can be used before the first gear and making any final commitment. decline or shifting of riskAnother way of managing political risk is that a foreign company can implement a financial structure that shifts risks to local creditors and shareholders.Similarly contracts can be designed whereby a force majeure clause is included to revise and free contractual parties from their contractual obligations in case of any violence, coup, insurrec tion and long-term trade disruption etc.Post-commitment practicesPost-commitment practices mean adoption of strategies after making investment and commencement of business activities in overseas market. This kind of strategy takes various forms i.e. variety of employment or the ownership of the business, minority interest, designing operational structure, diversification and taking insurance policy.Modification of employment or the ownership of the businessIf a foreign firms top management is controlled by local nationals or their ownership is significant or establishing of a joint venture of 50-50 ownership with a local firm than the host government would have less incentive to nationalize such business.Minority interestAnother helpful strategy of managing political risks is to adopt minority interest in the business. designing operational structureDesigning the operational structure of business in a way that attracts the inflow of foreign exchange in the host country and establ ishing good relations and close cooperation of management with the host government will also safeguard such firm from any threat from the host government.DiversificationIf any political risk is encountered by a foreign firm while operating business activities overseas the trump out way is to diversify and expand its business operation into other countries that are not exposed to such type of risks.Taking insurance policyMoreover to avoid any kind of loss that can be inflicted due to any political or country risk the company can go for insurance policy but it is very pricy and can minimize the profitability of such firm.conclusionCatherine Rampell, When Government Takes everywhere Industries in Trouble, The New York times, January 21, 2009 open http//www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/worldbusiness/22poundbox.htmlCaracas, Chavez to nationalize strategic sectors, The Washington Times, Tuesday, January 9, 2007 Available http//washingtontimes.com/news/2007/jan/09/20070109-122511-8 759rVenezuelan President Hugo Chavez threatens to nationalize banks, The Times of India, International Business, 30 November 2009 Available http//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/biz/international-business/Venezuelan-President-Hugo-Chavez-threatens-to-nationalize-banks/articleshow/5282995.cmsBusiness Monitor International, Carrefour forced to divest Alfa Retailindo Stake, Indonesia- Mass Srocery Retail, Nov 5 2009 Available http//store.businessmonitor.com/article/302304 potty OConnell., Creeping Expropriation, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management. Blackwell Publishing,. Blackwell Reference Online. 22 December 2009 Available http//www.blackwellreference.com/ human beings/tocnode?id=g9780631233176_chunk_g97806312349376_ss1-156citationLeon. P (2009) Creeping Expropriation of Mining Investments an African Perspective, Journal of zip Natural Resources Law, Vol 27 No 4 2009, p 598 Available http//www.webberwentzel.com/wwb/action/media/downloadFile?media_fileid=5879Dr. Leonard. M (2004), China, Country Briefing, June 7, 2004, Creeping Expropriation, Threats to Property Rights, And Rising Economic Risk Remember Communism? AON Trade Credit Inc Available http//www.offshoregroup.com/newsfiles/chinabriefing.pdfTecinicas Medioambientales Tecmed S.A. V. The United Mexican States, International Centre for Settlement of Investment of Disputes (May 29, 2003) Case No. arbitrageur (AF)/00/2 Available http//icsid.worldbank.org/ICSID/FrontServlet?requestType=CasesRHactionVal=showDocdocId=DC602_EncaseId=C186John OConnell., Currency Inconvertibility, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management. Blackwell Publishing,. Blackwell Reference Online. 22 December 2009 Available http//www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631233176_chunk_g97806312349376_ss1-191citationInconvertibility, Financial Dictionary Available http//financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/InconvertibilityWild. J. J. et al (2008) International business the challenges of globalization, 4th edition, appren tice Hall, New island of Jersey p 97Wild. J. J. et al (2008) International business the challenges of globalization, 4th edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey p96.Frustration of contract, Business Dictionary Available http//www.businessdictionary.com/ exposition/frustration-of-contract.htmlolitical Risks Briefing for Contract Frustration, Marsh an MMC company, July 2001, p 1 Available http//www.global.marsh.com/documents/contractFrustration.pdf

Impact of Brand Extensions

Impact of flaw Extensions submission differentiate propagations argon a bit like having kids just because you derriere doesnt mean you should. But if the conditions are right, and everything is thoroughly prepared and though through and through, thus it dismiss be terrifically rewarding Rory Sutherland, Creative Director, Ogilvy One, as cited in (Miller Muir, 2004). Initially, tarnish annexes begun in the prodigality goods industry, when the french haute couture fashion houses started diversifying to jewelry, watches, cosmetics and accessories. In 1921, French opulence fashion house Chanel launched its first perfume, Chanel n5 and it frame until now one of the best-selling perfume in the world, enhancing the lavishness character of the carry.In the last few years, many luxury fashion houses take a shit launched clean ventures in order to expand their recognizability outside their usual r severally of activities i.e., clothing, cosmetics and accessories. This process initiated by evolving to new spaces such as hotels, bars, or consistaurants where throng can experience a special mood often in strict relationship with the philosophy of the brand. With the success of many luxury brands entering the hospitality industry such as Bulgari, Versace, this question paper seeks to psychoanalyze Guccis brand extension and advise the head of directors on the jolts of extending to the hospitality business. Founded in the 1920s, Gucci has become one of the worlds leading luxury fashion brands. With a celebrated reputation for design, whole step and Italian traditional expertise, the brand offers a immense range of products (clothing, handbags, shoes, timepieces, jewelry and skis). Gucci covers all aspects of product launching, from designing, through manufacturing, and distribution. (Kering, 2013)In the discipline of the arguments for and against, the researcher go out examine brands that conduct intended this variegation precedent to get an indication of the upholds of undertaking such a project. The key schema utilise to examine the outlets of progressing the Gucci collection into the hospitality industry is the denounce extension schema (Aaker Keller, 1990, pp. 27-41) that the researcher depart enhance by applying the compartmentalisation system (Smith Medin, 1981). Further much, previous examples of failure or success of brand diversification pull up stakes be discussed as in essential to avoid pitfalls and has an influence on the decision. Among these examples, the Golden Arch Hotel, case of McDonalds extends to the hospitality industry.In order to violate conduct the research, the major first step is to clearly define the research aims and objectives. The Aim is what the paper wants to achieve depending on the business question, season the Objectives tell apart how the aim is going to be achieved (Manchester Metropolitan University, 2008). The next section allow revolve around on both parts so as to cast the structure and serve as a guiding line for the rest of this essay.Aim ObjectivesAimThis research project aims to analyze whether a luxury brand such as the Gucci host, should extend their products and services into the hotel industry in order to follow the path previously experienced by the Armani group in Dubai.ObjectivesTo determine if the brand extension strategy successively mark offs the group if it is compatible with the vegetable marrow brand and company goals, as diversification can enable a business to access new revenue streams.What is patsy extension theory?The conceptual modelDoes it apply to the Gucci Group?What are the cost of such a process?What are the benefits and limitations?What are the competitors? (SWOT Analysis)To critically review if the Italian lifestyle and the prestige of Italian fashion industry constitute important elements of cultural heritage that can be productively employed in the fields of leisure and hospitality merchandise.Doe s the brand virtue apply to the Hospitality Industry?What variables influence consumers perceptions about the swallow upability of brand extensions?How similarity and consumer innovativeness may affect the brand?To analyze whether brand extension strategy is a proper tool to keep the brand up to date whilst the disposal adapt to market changes.Does extending to the hospitality industry peril making it lose its relevance and appeal?Is the brand strong overflowing to guarantee successful brand extension? (Case study of McDonalds adventure in the hotel industry)Will it improve overall brand image or impose on _or_ oppress brand identity?Literature reviewBrand Extension schemeThe original definition of a brand, as cited by Aaker, is a distinguishing advert and/or symbol (such as a logo, motto, package design or trademark) intended to identify the goods or services of one seller, and to differentiate those goods or services from those of the competition (Aaker Keller, 1990). A b rand extension is defined when a company uses an existing brand name to introduce a new product (Vukasovic, 2012), as well as, when an existing brand is combined with a new brand when introducing a new product (Keller, 2008). Consumer Behavior Seminar, regrouping a number of contributors, first introduced brand extension in 1987. They were trying to bring in how consumers extend prior associations about a companys brands to new products offered by the equal firm (Boush, et al., 1987). Nowadays, brand extensions might be one of the most researched and equaling areas of marketing (Elliott Percy, 2007).Brand extension is considered to be the most attractive marketing strategy indeed, it enables to reduce the launching cost of introducing new products by compensating with the consumers perception and cognizance of the mention brand (Lassar, Mittal, S scathea, 1995). Therefore, a successful brand extension will allow manufacturers to take advantage from this by gaining a higher v iew in the consumers mind and hold more shelf space for their brands. It has excessively been determined that the least quality variation in product diversification is likely to gain more consumers than when the product lines are distinguishable (Lassar, Mittal, Sharma, 1995). The carrying into action of this strategy will result in rase advertising costs for the extended brand as well as higher gross revenue because of the knowledge experience of the brand.Nonetheless, numerous researchers agreed that luxury brand extensions have been left behind. Even though the luxury brands were the first to initiate brand extensions by extending their haute couture brand to accessories, cosmetics, watches and jewelry, and though brand extensions are the essence of an organization model of the luxury haute couture brands (Uggla Lashgari, 2012), yet the main researchers that were conducted were either relating about a non luxury brand or a venture between a luxury and a non-luxury brand, whi ch has some(a) particular limitations (Stankeviciute Hoffmann, 2011).Previous findings on the impact of brand extensions on the luxury parent brand will be introduced, followed by a focus on the categorization theory and a self-created conceptual model.The Impact of Brand Extensions on the Luxury Parent BrandIt has been proven that luxury brands may be compromising their reputation while diversifying and targeting a wider market share. We record well-known luxury brand capital of South Dakota Cardin who fall into every consumers reach goods by using his notoriety in marketing a commercial quality of hundreds of products. This can be still by high quality non-personal needs when customers wish to buy products, not available to a broader public (Dubois Paternault, 1995).In order to strengthen the core luxury brand image of the parent brand, luxury brand extensions are often attempted, thus, the relationship between consumers and the luxury brand must be strengthened. In a study in 1995, Elyette Roux intended to measure the impact of luxury brand extensions on the parent brand image through brand prestige, brand combine and desirableness (Roux, Consumer Evaluation of Luxury Brand Extensions, 1995). In order to do so, Roux predicted that she could use conceptual fit, transferability, and perceived quality of original brand as variables.The results proved that brand confidence is and influenced by the conceptual fit approach. Thus, only luxury brand extensions that are in strict correlation to the build brand confidence and the parent luxury brands expertise will have a positive outcome on the parent brand. If extensions are uncertain, brand image dilution will demote due to brand confidence decrease.Brand prestige is mainly judge by brand quality and conceptual fit. On a lower extend, transferability contributes in a significant way to brand prestige. Only hold luxury brand extensions will enrich brand prestige, assuming the luxury brand possesses the abil ity to substitute its credentials and has quality reputation. Luxury brand extensions are facing many challenges to extend target markets (Dubois Paternault, 1995). The aim is to affix consumers need for this specific brand. Brand perceived quality and conceptual fit are the main predictors for desirability.The decrease of brand desirability will harm the luxury brand image.People devoting to buy luxury brands for pretention motives, will consume their demand off these brands. Globally, the results proved that brand prestige brand confidence and brand desirability are significantly linked with the nature of luxury brand extensions (Boush, et al., 1987).In 1996, Roux went a step further, expanding the study on the impact of brand extensions on a luxury fashion brands confidence, prestige and desirability balanced by the use of consumers knowledge level. The hypothesis was not supported, it elusive that more knowledgeable people would give the parent brand elements more extreme ev aluations. This hypothesis approves that consumers are attracted to buy luxury fashion brands because of their stirred benefit and image influence. Furthermore, the study states that brand prestige desirability and confidence, when used as purchase intention variables, have no relationship among each other. (Roux Boush, The Role of Familiarity and Expertise in Luxury Brand Extension, 1996).The Categorization surmiseCategorization enables a large variety of subordinate functions because classifying something as a category member grants people to bring their knowledge of the category to focus on the new entrant (Smith Medin, 1981). The step in which any cylindrical object is determined as a flash watery allows you to examine the Categorization theory. Therefore, people trend to predict its parts, trace its functions, and presume its behavior (Cheah Phau, 2008). one time people have categorized some new entity, for example, they may be using suitable knowledge for prediction and acceptation. For example, you can easily take aim that the cylindrical object set as a flashlight will have one battery at least, will have some kind of interrupter, and will basically produce a beam of light when the switch is pressed. People do not only categorize to accept new market entrants, they also use the new entities to modify and modify their concepts. In a nutshell, categorization supports learning (Medin Rips, 2005).The Conceptual ModelThis conceptual model was proposed by the researcher in order to better understand the impact of brand extensions on the parent brand equity of luxury brands. As brand extension affects the four outcomes, these interact in a certain way.Figure The impact of brand extension

Phases Of A Cell Cycle Biology Essay

Phases Of A Cell Cycle Biology EssayInter anatomy is a part of the electric cadre cycle in which the electric cell re craps more(prenominal) deoxyribonucleic acid, it is the time when a cell accomplishes the most this is the time that the cell is preparing to divide. It is duplicating its organells and increasing the amount of cytoplasm it has in order to undergo cell vicinity interstage constitutes the longest period of the cell cycle and is divided into three successive physiques.G1 formS arrangeG2 phase2.1.1. G1 PhaseThe first part of the inter phase is G1. In G1phase the cellular metabolic rate is high in which cell ordinarily grows in surface. And synthesis of m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA and proteins occur. This phase involves accumulation and synthesis of specific enzymes require to control DNA-synthesis and ware of DNA base unit so that the make out is at hand when synthesis being.2.1.2. S PhaseThe S phase is the intermediate phase between G1growth phase (gap-1) and G2 g rowth phase (gap-2).During the mountain of cell cycle the DNA molecule are actually duplicated to produce twain equivalent daughter cells.2.1.3. G2 PhaseDuring the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow. It is besides called pre-mitotic phase. In this phase energy is stored for chromosome movement. Mitotic specific protein RNA and microtubule subunit are synthesis.2.2. Mitotic PhaseThis phase involves the member of nucleus and department of cytoplasm. At this stage the growth and protein production stop. All of the cell cycle focused on the complex and hospital attendant segment into both similar daughter cells. Mitosis is much shorter than inter phase. indestructible phase only one two hours. As in some(prenominal) G1 and G2, there is a checkpoint in the middle of mitosis that ensures the cell is ready to screw cell division actually stages of mitosis can be viewed at fauna cell mitosis.3. MitosisIt is a process of nuclear and cell divisio n in which the turns of chromosomes in daughter cells are same as that of resurrect cell.4. Phases of MitosisMitosis is a continuous process which has two phases.KaryokinesisCytokinesis4.1. KaryokinesisThis phase involves the nuclear division .Animal cell has a special organise for cell division called centriole. At the start of mitosis centriole is divided into two pairs. to each one pairs migrate to the opposite typeface of the nucleus thus forming two poles of the dividing cell.The microtubules including aster and mandril are called mitotic weapon. There size is larger than nucleus. The function of the mitotic apparatus is to sequester and capture chromosomes, align them aright and separate them so that equal distribution of chromosomes should take place.The microtubules are set apart of fibers which are three in number. They originate from each pair of centrioles. 1 set of microtubules is called astral microtubules which form aster outward. The other two sets form the s pindle in which one is centromere microtubules and other is pivotal microtubules and other is polar microtubules.4.1.1. Stages of KaryokinesisKaryokinesis can be divided into four stages.ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase4.1.1.1. ProphaseChromosomes can not be seen in the interphase stage even by electron microscope. However by using some special stains chromatin network of fine meander can be seen which is called chromatin. The following events take place in prophase. thermonuclear envelope along with nucleoli disappearCentrioles completely migrate towards their polesMitotic apparatus is formCytoplasm begets more viscousThe chromatin material get condensed by folding and chromosomes appear as thin imbibes and eventually go thick consisting of two chromatids attached with centromere4.1.1.2. MetaphaseAt metaphase chromosomes have become completely thick consisting of chromatid. These chromatids are attached to centromere. The Cells has special area the kinetochore where kineto chore fibres of mitotic apparatus attach. The kinetochore fibers of spindle are attached to kinetochore region of chromosomes and align them at the equator of the spindle forming equatorial plate or metaphase plate. Each kinetochore gets two fibers each from opposite poles.4.1.1.3. AnaphaseIt is very fundamental phase of mitosis. The kinetochore fibers of spindle contract toward their respective poles exert military group which separates the two chromatids from centromere. In this way two sister chromatids are organise. half(prenominal) of them move to one pole and other half towards other pole.4.1.1.4. TelophaseAs the chromosomes reach to their respective pole telophase starts. The chromosome starts unfolding and become chromatin material. Mitotic apparatus starts disappearing while nucleus and nuceolic appears and thus two nucleoli are formed at each pole of the cell.4.2. CytokinesisCytokinesis is a phase of the mitosis in which self-coloured of the cell divides. At this phas e the astral microtubules send signals to equatorial region of cell which activate action and myosin to form contractile ring. This contractile peal form cleavage furrow in the center of cells which get deepens piecemeal and ultimately divide the parent cell into two daughter cells.5. myosis miosis is a special type of cell division in which the numbers of chromosomes in daughter cells are reduced to half as compare to parent cell.In animals it occurs in diploid cells at gamete make-up while in plants it takes place at spore formation at gamete formation. pupillary reflex can take place in two divisionsMeiosis IMeiosis IIThe first meiotic division is reduction division and second meiotic division is like that of mitosis. After two divisions diploid cell produce four haploid cells.5.1. Stages of Meiosis IMeiosis I is further divided into four sub-stages as followingProphase IMetaphase IAnaphaseTelophase5.1.1. Prophase IProphase I is a very long phase. The chromosomes in this phas e behave like the homologous pairs which is different as that from mitosis. The similar chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes. Prophase I is divided into five sub stages.LeptoteneZygotenePachyteneDiploteneDiakinesis5.1.1.1. LeptoteneAt this stage the chromosomes appear as very long narrow thread and the size of nucleus increase and homologous chromosomes become closer.5.1.1.2. ZygoteneFirst requirement phenomenon of meiosis i.e. pairing of homologous chromosomes called synapsis starts. This pairing is highly specific and scarcely pointed, but with no definite starting point. At this phase nuclei also disappears. Each paired but no fused complex structure is called doubled or tetrad.5.1.1.3. PachyteneThe pairing of homologous chromosomes is completed. Chromosomes become more and more thick. Each bivalent has four chromatids, which wrap around each other. Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange their segments due to chiasmata formation. During the process c alled crossing over. In this way mix of genetic materials occur, which produces recombination.5.1.1.4. DiploteneThe next stage of meiosis is diplotene where bivalents are distinct and contracted. During this phase the chiasmata of each bivalent undergoes terminalization that are the movement of two homologous chromosomes to the two ends. During the stage of prophase due to chromosome contraction they are very distinct as visible bivalent structure.5.1.1.5. DiakinesisNext phase is diakinesis where the chiasmata are fully terminalized and the two chromosomes remain together though fully terminalized.5.1.2. Metaphase INuclear tissue layer disorganize at the beginning of this phase. Spindle fibres originate and the kinetochore fibres attach to the kinetochore of the homologous chromosomes from each pole and arrange bivalent at the equator. The sister chromatids of individual chromosomes in bivalent behave as a unit.5.1.3. Anaphase IIn this succeeding anaphase that is Anaphase I, the ho mologous centromeres move towards opposite charge of the pole. The centromere of each chromosome remains intact. The chromosome being separated there is no chaismata at this stage.5.1.4. TelophaseNuclear membranes organize around each set of chromosomes at two poles. Nucleoli reappear thus two nuclei each with half number of chromosome is formed, later on, cytoplasm divides thus terminating the first meiotic division.6. SummaryEach cell cycle has two phase- interphase and mitotic phase. Inter phase is highly metabolic phase and subdivided into G1, S, G2 phases. Dividing phase involves the division of nucleus and division of cytoplasm.Mitosis is an equational cell division occurs in somatic cells producing two cells of the same chromosomes number of parent cell. Karyokinesis occurs in four phase prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase and is followed by cytokinesis. Meiosis is a reductional cell division occurs in germ cells producing four cells of half chromosomes number from that of parent cell, heart divides twice in meiosis. Prophase I is of longer duration with substages leptotene, zygotene, pachytene. diplotene, diakinesis and is characterized by bivalent formation and crossing over through chaismata formation.

Analysis of Still Life With Peppermint Bottle by Paul Cezanne Essay

Analysis of Still Life With Peppermint Bottle by capital of Minnesota Cezanne Paul Cezanne is considered one of the greatest and most memorable graphicsists of the Post-Impressionist period. His techniques were admired and greatly influential in the development of Cubism and many other modern art movements. He employed several styles in his establishs, such as his notwithstanding life productions. In 1894 he produced a brilliant piece of work entitled Still Life with a Peppermint Bottle. done this work he utilise elaborate techniques that most artists had not as yet discovered during his era. Cezanne mastered the technique of still life. In his paintings he used random tendencys such as a peppermint bottles and proceeds (these examples interpreted from his painting, Still Life with a Peppermint Bottle), which symbolized the private tell of mans nature. Jane Roberts supports this idea in stating that, man will gladly surround himself with beloved knick knacks with whic h he can be isolated with and only if (Roberts 213). She goes on to say that these objects are contemplative in nature, allowing man to model and ponder their meaning. When I speak of contemplation, I mean that every object is taken into account and their meaning of existence and placement are reflected upon.The result on the table has many other meanings besides being provender or for human use. By observing the fruit, you come to realize that the fruit is not being used for a human purpose, such as for food. It is something to be contempla...