What are the The Possible Contributors to the Great Recession in Essay

What are the The Possible Contributors to the Great Recession in relation with Mortgage - endeavor ExampleStarting as a liquidity crisis which can be in a layman term defined as, A state in which there is a short supply of coin to lend to businesses and consumers and interest dictates are high. (Caouette, 25) This gravely caused an imbalance that resonated great economic crisis all virtually the world. This global crisis also gave a room to policy makers to intervene, as it was being quite difficult for the economic experts to handle this situation. However, the after effects of the Great Recession are still perpetuating in the global thrift and have also limited the economic growth in 2012-2013 and have not completely find from the Great Recession. How Great Recession was stimu sore-fangledd? The major causes of the Great Recession date back to the attempt of 2007, however, the world wasnt fully aware of the crisis until mid-2008, which could also be the main reason why it couldnt recover from the crisis because it took a lot of time to look into what caused this crisisand rectify it. The root cause can be highlighted as the decline in the US consumers demand because of the gradual decrease in the Federal applys interest which was predicted to reach nearly zero and it was believed to occur by the year 2008, therefore they could not provide debts for people who called for refinancing. What triggered the economic crisis on a level of instability was the breakdown of mortgage-backed security. Moving on, other cause that resulted in this crisis can be pointed as the massive debt levels, which has long been acknowledged as an component and a contributive factor for recessions that further led to the domino effect and perturbed the entire economic situation. otherwise causes were believed to be Government deregulation, over-leveraging, credit default swaps, collateralizing debt obligations, increase in the oil prices, and overproduction of goods as resu lted by the Globalization. These were the main factors due to which the process of the economic crisis was accele prized. What Great Recession resulted in? The three regions globally affected by the Great Recession were Household, Income and Labor Dynamics in economy of Australia being an adequate example. The rate of exercise was gravely affected which could also be noticed in the survey conducted in late 2009, which showed a high rate of job dismissals from 3.5% in 2008 to 5.4% in 2009. The types of workers that were affected due to this as unremarkably suspected to be are the low- practised workers and labors working in the informal sector, instead it was the working who were the full-time employers relating to skilled occupations. Globally, the Trade & Industrial production went through a complete manufacturing crisis. Environment was adversely affected and the rate of pollution increased as the industrial emissions gradually sped up. Unemployment increased in the US as the e mployment rate then was 4.9%. Tourism, insurance, small-business lending and political instability stimulated throughout the globe because of the economic and fiscal crisis. Mortgage Lending Practices How they were affected? Mortgage loanword can be defined as, A loan on real estate that is usually secured by a mortgage. (Jacobus& Thomas, 567). This could also be used as a generic term for loan. Demand is absent in recessionary periods so the interest place are brought down to trigger it, lower interest rates entice people to get new mortgages and previous ones refinanced at a lower rate. Real estate lending crisis was triggered by the subprime lending mechanism, i.e. at a lower place normal rates. Financial institutions offered real estate at

Hypothesis Identification Article Analysis Essay - 1

Hypothesis assignment Article Analysis - Essay Examplet nearly nine in 10 respondents atomic number 18 in debt, with car collapsements, credit bank note balances, home equity loans, lines of credit and student loans as the intimately common debt types. Greenwalds research was also used to emphasize that Americans are in debt denial wherein trusted sectors would not consider home equity lines of credit, borrowing money from a family member, late bills and credit card balances as debts. In light of these, the article highlighted the American reliance in debt.McGuire, then went on citing Kerry Geurkinks statement that stressed the failed efforts at educating Americans on properly handling their finances. The point made was that, Americans are abstruse in debt because most think that it is within their control while a growing number acknowledge irresponsibility as a factor. This argument further explored how Americans confuse, consciously and subconsciously, wants from needs. Thi s, for McGuire, touched base with the attitudes of entitlements that force raft to consider things such as the internet and cable TV as necessities. There is a acid criticism in the final words of the article that said People seem to be ungratified although people have more.In line with the acceptance of the hypothesis that was previously put forward, McGuire admonished her readers that people should fall in thinking in monthly payments and that they should make intelligent decisions with their purchases, expenditures and debt acquisition. She also agreed with Geurkink that people should save and pay off debt at the same time as retirement now lasts for decades and that Americans are expected to buttocks more of the bill amid a rise in the cost of higher education, medical care and, until recently, house far outpacing inflation.All in all, this article is a report more than a first-hand study. It perused other studies in order to present the points that the author wanted to co nvey. Nonetheless, there is the hypothesis

Image you chosse to analzy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Image you chosse to analzy - Essay ExampleOne advertisement calls p atomic number 18nts to help erase this habit among their nipperren. The ad says Risk an Early Death, Just Do Nothing. The ad is saying that having no somatogenetic bodily function because of playing video games is bad for the health and social lives of the children because of the ads strong excogitate of death in black, the green background and red shirt that suggest opposite feelings of life and death, and the disturbed face shows that indicates that the kid is alone, not socializing, and unhealthy, and so, these conditions make him sad, and these symbols and messages are important to society because kids need a healthier development through having other physical activities and interacting with other people outside the home. All of the words are in capitalized letters, with the word death in black, which suggests that playing video games is bad for the health and social lives of the children, turn the res t of the words support the same main claim. The ad is saying that doing nothing is bad for the health of children. It categorizes playing hours of video games as nothing, since children are only sitting and barely moving in drift of the television. To explain this problem further, the ad has a paragraph with smaller fonts. It says that 9 out of 10 children halt unhealthy fat in their bodies. The statistics indicate that the problem affects many children and should surprise parents. In addition, the ad continues that their children mogul not look fat, but as they grow old, the habit of sitting all the time pass on lead to an early death because little exercise results to heart problems, Type 2 diabetes, or counterbalance tooshiecer. The ad connects the lack of physical activity in childhood to several deadly diseases, once they are adults. It shows that by doing nothing, early death becomes a certainty. Moreover, the word death is in black because black oft means death. Death also means nothing because people cannot see anything in the black color. In connection, the ad suggests that playing video games is nothing important to the healthy development of the children. Aside from the black word, the rest of the bold and capitalized words are in white. The white is in contrast with the black and seeks to capture the recreate of the audience. The white makes it easier for them to see the black, or the death in doing nothing. Thus, the words and their colors support the meaning that the ad wants to tell parents. Apart from these colors, the green background and red shirt suggest contrary feelings of life and death. The color green means a good life and nature. It sends a message that if only children spent more than time going out and playing outside with nature, they would hold in a better life. They will have a better life because physical activity and fresh air are good for their health. At the same time, playing outside tends to establish and expand f riendships. When children are outside, they can make friends or they can spend time with their friends. They can laugh and run about as they play. They can share stories bandage waking together. Physical activity is then closely connected to social activity. Furthermore, the red shirt of child in the ad signifies death. Red means blood. With a red shirt, the child in the ad whitethorn seem like bleeding and dying. The ad says that because of playing too much in front of the TV, this activity will

California Indians Surviving the Gold Rush Essay

calcium Indians Surviving the Gold Rush - Essay ExampleThe easiest way to survive was, perhaps, the most humiliating. Some Indians allowed their oppressors to train them. By adopting face cloth styles of dress, living in modern, rather than traditional homes, and most importantly, but kowtowing to the white opus and embracing his religion, some native people were able to keep their own lives. In Deeper than Gold Indian Life in the Sierra Foothills, Brian Bibby writes of a man called Billy Preacher, who, based on the stories and artifacts he go away behind, had a strong belief in and connection to his own religion and culture. However, Billy Preacher, accommodating to switch over (Bibby 30), goes to work on a white mans ranch and eventually takes on his employers culture. Bibby states that this ranch, provided a safe oasis and labor opportunities for individuals and families who had been disinherited from their former homes by the influx of miners and settlers to the region (Bib by 30). Billy Preacher, at the end of his life, has born-again to Christianity and in appearance appears almost completely European.Servitude was more or less expected by the white man, who saw the Native as, at best, a useful servant, and, at worst, a pest to be exterminated. For this reason, many Indians found it simpler to cater to the invaders, whoever they were.

Selection of a Case study organization (Attempt 1) Assignment

Selection of a Case study face (Attempt 1) - Assignment ExampleFrom the very bottom line costs to the increases in service speed and reliability that deliver greater value to organizations and their customers, innovation actually stands at the epicentre of the strategic approaches adopted towards success in the 21st century. Bolstered by the rapid changes in the market bodily structure that powers competition from almost every corner of the globe, organizational emphasis on external as swell up as internal collaboration as a gateway in accessing the right mechanisms of expediting the incorporation of clean ideas is fundamental in leveling the playing field with larger competitors and the numerous aggressive startups. Amway, a direct-selling, family-run organization headquartered in Ada, Michigan, is a perfect sample organization that has grown from a lean structure to operationalize its function in 100 countries courtesy of the numerous radical shifts of strategy that brings on board consumer needs, technology and logical argument value in their search for competitive advantage over the years since inception. A multi-level marketing troupe with over pentad decades in business, Amway has built numerous brands within its core product categories nutrition, beauty, and home, managing to increase its annual revenues from a modest base to a whopping $11.3 billion in the financial year 2012 (APQC, 2013).At the heart of the companys growth momentum is an innovation culture summarized as 5x5s a five minutesfive slide presentation for all to showcase ideas for evaluation and further pursuit. Using an uncovered Innovation Business Model that majorly sources ideas from the external networks, Amway wields a great deal of freedom in engage powerful innovations that only serve to propel its strategic needs. The organization long recognized that it does not overleap as much resources as its forerunner-competitors in the industry, and thus devoted its

Water Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Water Cycle - Essay practiceFactory effluence, poor sewage management, and poor waste disposal have threatened the supply of tonal water to significant levels. Oil spillage features as a dominant factor of pollution in the modern world.Industrialization and urbanization are some of the human factors that have caused significant shortages in the handiness of unobjectionable water. Unequal distribution of fresh water resources has created conflicts and junctureed artificial shortages in many parts of the world. modernisation and technological systems of water supply has also had some adverse impact on the availability of fresh water. For instance, certain developments such as irrigations often require the consumption of large supplies of water. Modern usages of water occasion wastage of large amounts of water leading to acute shortages (Royte, 2010). Human interventions in water availability has often compound the conflicts between parties where by the most privileged parties use financial means or political high quality to deny other groups sufficient access to water. Examples exist in parts of the developing world where conflicts between communities or countries have often led to acute water shortages in some of the affected

The danger of smoking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The danger of smoking - question Paper ExampleTherefore, it is extremely essential to increase the level of awareness of the general public regarding the adversity effects and hazards of smoking. The cigarette smoking might presently change the precious life of the human world into death through stroke or heart attack.According to Gary Ford, it is stated that habit of consuming tobacco is more influential rather than health consciousness. Therefore, these individual consider tobacco smoking to be a passion or relaxation from their mental tension and so, they consume tobacco without any distress for health. Moreover, near of the individual treat smoking as a sense of status and style and so do not believe in the statistics of deaths presented by WHO or National Health Service (NHS). But they incessantly remain in the top-most position in the list of deaths caused for excessive smoking of tobacco. Therefore, in order to reduce the rate of deaths or health related disorders, the passion of tobacco smoking needs to be trim down significantly.Tobacco smoking is extremely dangerous as it means the inhalation of numerous harmful chemicals or by-products of smoke such as nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide. Nicotine is the addictive constituent of tobacco (Ford 525). When nicotine is smoked, then immediately the molecules get inside the lungs of the individual. Then these nicotine molecules get absorbed by the blood stream and travel to the genius and lock the specific receptor regions. However by locking the specific receptor regions, the brain gets abnormal in a way that hinders the metabolism and appetite of the individual. Carbon monoxide is also another important atom of tobacco smokes. Carbon monoxide is also a poisonous gas inhaled into the lungs and absorbed by the blood cells of the body. subsequently being inhaled, carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen present in blood cells and so numerous cells die, because of deficiency of oxygen supply. However,

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, technology has brought ostracize effects. Technology is slowly eroding our moral values due to availability of explicit content to the unintentional users.The business world has experienced drastic changes over the years. I agree with you that videoconferencing has greatly improved communication in business. It has made business transactions to be more effective and efficient. Perhaps the most crucial improvement is on cost effectiveness. While it takes a lot of time and hundreds of dollars to travel across the testicle for business meetings, web conferencing has made business operations more cost effective.However, we also need to interrogation about the challenges brought by these technologies in modern business. For instance, what were some of the challenges that you faced during your internet meetings? What if there was internet partition? What about interception of sensitive information communicated over the i nternet? (Carroll and Buchholtz 348) Both sides of the coin need to be

Native American Spiritual Artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

primal American unearthly Artwork - Essay ExampleSimilarly, the beautifully art-worked moccasin foot w ar of Cherokee tribe argon in any case seen as something sacred and this is evident when in a poem, the indigene American man sings, I come in them on. I walked sacred on the land (Williams et al., 31). On the performance side also, it can be seen that primal American dance is not simply an art form or a mode of frolic but is deeply embedded with ghostlikeism (Sun Dance). Dance even becomes a form of prayer for these tribes (Sun Dance). In this way, American art provides a mean for people to connect to the sacred (Zimmerman, 94). It is observed that animism is the prevalent commonality theme of both Native American art (Dagan). The spiritual meaning of animism is a belief that all things (in this knowledge base) are in unity with each other (Dagan). Animism is also considered as the oldest spiritual perspective in the world (Dagan). The visualization of animism in Native Indian art can be seen as spirals or zigzag lines in paintings and carvings (Dagan). An interesting aspect of Native American art is that a spiritual beget is what ends up as an art work for a tribesman (Zimmerman, 94). Zimmerman has given an example for this when he said, a inspiration might reveal to the artist a design for a warriors shield or fictitious character of a dancers regalia (94).... It was a spiritual retreat in which a grown number of participants would fast, pray and dance for a period of days. They asked for answers to events going on in their lives (Sun Dance). Half-man-half beast images are also part of this spiritual philosophy (Dagan). It is these spiritual creatures that are supposed to guide the shaman through the path between the two worlds (Dagan). The same figures can be seen in the paintings, carvings and performance arts of Native Americans (Dagan). While exploring Native American performance art, it has to be kept in mind that Native American dance is meant to channel spiritual energies or reanimate ancient stories that can be caused to re-appear in the world today (Dagan). A magical web, the dream catcher, is yet another figure that appears in many forms of Native American art (Dagan). Also, the wolf being a sacred animal for Native Americans, it has gained a come in Indian art as well (Dagan). Apart from these common themes, there are contrasting concepts of art and spirituality prevalent among different Indian tribes. For example, many clan crests, songs, stories, (and) regalia (hats, blankets, tunics etc.) and clan houses are considered at.o?ow by Tlingit clan thereby wiping out the difference between what is art and what is mundane (Willaims et al., 139). The borders of physical and spiritual worlds thus overlap. An at.o?ow is a clan property that has social and spiritual importance (Williams et al., 139). From this example, it can be seen that traditional artworks as well as art forms like songs and stories have a spir itual role in Native American culture. Similarly, in the Pueblo community, the embroidery done by traditional weavers

Vikane Gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Vikane Gas - Essay Examplefectively destroys insects at all the active stages of life, whereas it has to be administered in higher doses or for longer periods of picture show to kill insect eggs. It is a highly toxic gas, which acts as a central nervous system depressant and high concentrations can lead to respiratory failure. The odorless, dull gas has no warning characteristics (Kamrin 1997) hence it contains the irritant chloropicrin as a warning indicator.dissertation Statement The purpose of this paper is to investigate the properties, functions, uses, toxic effects, and various other dimensions of Vikane Gas or Sulfuryl Fluoride. The perception methods and treatment for nerve gases will also be examined.Significantly, sulfuryl fluoride is licensed for use in several countries, which is an grievous consideration in increasing the use of the fumigant in postharvest control technology. It is currently registered as a structural fumigant, and may be effective as a general comm odity disinfestation treatment and as a quarantine treatment (Zettler and Arthur 2000, p.581). In food premises storing grains the fumigant is used carefully because of its toxicity. Further, it is used as a quarantine treatment for dried fruits and nuts where control of the tolerant egg stage need non be taken into consideration as in destroying an infestation of C. pomonella on walnuts and A. transitella on almonds. Sulfuryl fluoride has the lowest stewing point of any fumigant, -55.20C, and hence is in the gaseous state under all practical fumigation conditions.The exposure routes are mainly through inhalation and through the skin. Vikane gas, a Restricted Use Pesticide is in a pressurized condition in a steel cylinder from which it is dispensed through a hose into the inside(prenominal) of the sealed structure. After the elapse of a period of time, when air levels of sulfuryl fluoride have lowered to 1 breach per million (ppm) or less, the interior of the structure is aerate d. The Hazard Evaluation Division (HED)

Business advantages for mobile apps Research Paper - 1

Business advantages for unstable apps - interrogation Paper ExampleThe members of a business organization at various horizontals and verticals can stay focused, current and organized for all business operations. An overwhelming advantage is the cutting edge marketing procedure offered by the mobile applications. The launching of mobile applications is easier and faster than loading of a mobile website. The interference of mobile phones in the professional lives of people helps in reducing time for marketing products and services. The target customers can be r all(prenominal)ed finished their mobile smart phones through promotional messages even when they can non access their emails.The mobile applications are applications that are order through the internet and are intended to run on mobile smart phones and other mobile devices. The customized mobile applications developed by the business house allow the company to manifold its performance. The increased tractableness and perfo rmance is a key advantage of mobile application technology (Mallick, 2003, 196). Mobiles phones are personal devices and each person has a unique experience of accessing the mobile applications. Services like geo-location services, video footage and audio recordings for advertisements, word applications and various features attracts the interest of the customers to install the applications in their mobile devices (McClure et al, 2012, p. 10). The internet services that were previously available that on the desktops or laptops have now arrived on mobile phones. There are three distinguishable advantages identified with the use of mobile applications these are speed, volume of information, and advertising (Walters, 2012).Speed is of prime importance in todays society. In our daily rat race most of us cannot afford to exceed the amount of time staring at the computer while it boots up and gets ready for an internet session. Students, operative people and others mostly access the i nternet these days on mobile phones. The mobile applications do not

Fruit fly Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fruit fly - Lab Report ExampleOn the former(a) hand, the life cycle of the fruit fly is normally bunco. In this respect, it lasts for about 26 and 33 long time for egg-producing(prenominal)s and masculine flies.The life cycles could also be changed depending on the environment or specific mutations of genetics. At path temperature, the flies may take 10 days from egg to adult. This makes the fruit fly to be the best(p) subjects for a research on genetics since multiple generation could be studied for a short duration of time. The fruit fly life cycle begins whenever an egg is laid by a female that is impregnated. The fly only gives out one egg at a moment. The hatching of the egg occurs at heart 22 hours, and the larvae mature in a period of four days (Manning 8). After this, the larvae would follow cardinal stages up to the pupa stage. In this stage, pupal case is established, hardens and darkens in duration of 4 to 6 days. Lastly, the pupa changes to the adult stage. The ma le fruit flies obligate a body that is small with a black tip on their bodys end. The female fruit fly do have an abdomen that is pointed and are lively compa deprivation to males. The prime objective the experiment involves the performance of a dihybrid cross.Flies that were hybrid for two traits (dumpy wings or normal wings, black or normal body) together with two different eye color (wild red type and sepia brown) were provided for the experiment. The two were produced through the crossing of homozygous sepia-eyed flies, normal-winged, red-eyed flies and with dumpy. Prior study have shown out that dumpy wing mutation is an x-linked trait that is recessive thus carried by the x chromosome that determines the sex. finished a punnett square for the initial generation, the genotype that is expected and the ratio phenotype could be found. This is displayed in table 1. fit to the table, 1, it is certain that the phenotype ration of the first generation is dumpy wing, half male, half female. This information can be used to generate a second punnett

Work-Related Communication Problem in Corporate Communication Essay

Work-Related Communication Problem in embodied Communication - Essay ExampleSignals of this prolific growth have been evident since 2003, which has resulted in a uniform drive by retailers to introduce new delivery mechanisms to broaden customer reach (Diamond and Pinter, 2004). As such, this has seen a shifting approach in multi-channel retail strategy from bricks and mortar to multi-level formats including home shopping and mobile barter (Levy and Weitz, 2008).With increasing and improving technology, various steps are taken for the improvement of communication because businesses run on the basis of good communication skills. For understanding the problems of communication, individual performance is very important to understand. Various judgement tools and theories-based on human nature provide perspectives in understanding individual performance in the workplace. To this end, the servant of the social telephone exchange theory and social penetration theory highlight the under lying motivation in social relationships. It is further submitted in the somatic context that a comprehensive understanding of the social exchange theory and social penetration theory are key organizational development going forward. The corporate communication is very significant for the development and establishment of businesses all over the world. The communication problems such as work-related communication problems are very crucial as they affect the organization negatively if handled carelessly.Leading sociologist George Caspar Homans is commonly hailed as the central consolidator of Social Exchange Theory works in his work Social deportment as Exchange (1958). In general terms, the social exchange theory posits that social change and stability is a process of negotiated exchanges between parties (Homans, 1958).

Examine and analyse the concept of HRM and Innovation, using lessons Essay

Examine and analyse the concept of HRM and Innovation, using lessons from the worlds most innovative firms to admit your study - Essay ExampleIt is stated as a science as it requires appropriate and perpetual application of the theory in practices for great efficiency (Jackson 1-20).The present era of competition and rapidly changing world, has made innovation a significant factor, which is critical for every business organization its success and sustainability. The organizations with more innovation capability are performing well in the present economy and innovation has become a benchmark on which the success of an organization is assessed. The relation between HRM and innovation has been studied from sundry(a) possible approaches and it has been evaluated that the HRM has a significant relation with innovation both directly and indirectly. It is has been found that the impact of the HRM practices on employees have created immense opportunities for innovations.Toyota Motor C orporation is one such organization that takes into consideration the HRM practices and innovation for greater market share. Thus, to obtain a better understanding of the stated issue, this thesis aims to evaluate the concept of HRM and Innovation.HRM is a system, which generally comprises of specific practice that stimulates innovation. The empirical studies also have recognized that HRM influences and supports activities, which facilities innovation such as intellectual development, knowledge expansion and development of new products. It has been identified that the HRM plays a crucial role in motivating innovation in organization, as it increases individual creativity, enhances knowledge sharing between the employees and shapes their skills and behaviors for better performance and greater innovations for the success of the organization (Karlsson 1-64).The roles and objectives of HRM in an organization is indeed very vast and it comprises all the aspects of employees from the tim e they enter into an organization till the time

Discussion Question for Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince Essay

Discussion Question for Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince - Essay ExampleHe himself was made subject to this, when he lost his bunk in 1512 in the hands of the Medici Family. All these real life experiences led Machiavelli to hold open The Prince which at first was criticized for being barbarous, but later, it was appreciated for all the theories and guidelines of warf atomic number 18 and politics. He easily terminate the old norms of ruling the peck and brought rough a completely new way to run an empire, city or state. In the beginning of the handwriting, Machiavelli very cleverly identifies his readers with the terms and policies that he will be utilise further in the book. The initial chapters are simple and they give the reader an easy introduction into the existence of Machiavelli one that exists on the hard work and effort of the ruler himself and has nothing to do with Divine baulk or whatsoever. Niccolos ideas become very clear initially when he clearly explains th e idea of maintaining a new principality is better than regulateing a hereditary state. He argues that inheriting power and position means that one has to keep up with peoples expectations to make their life better. However, it is much easier to govern an entirely new principality where people care less if their lives are not fidgeted with. His brutal and cruel nature is depicted through the idea of killing the former Princes family to keep control. ... And if his successors had been united they would live with enjoyed it securely and at their ease, for there were no tumults raised in the kingdom except those they provoked themselves. cool hearted and cold blooded, Niccolo believed that the power stays with you only if you are ready to go to any extents possible. As the book proceeds, the typical Machiavellian thoughts shine. As the adjective suggests, his name is used as a synonym for treachery, severeness and oppression. Hence, the book starts on with why and how a prince shou ld really act and rule. To put it in simple words, the people of the state do not matter to Niccolo at all. For him it only matters that the Prince, the ruler has faith in him and whence there is nothing else that will keep him out of power. But to come to those who, by their own competency and not through fortune, have risen to be princes, I say that Moses, Cyrus, Romulus, Theseus, and such like are the most excellent examples. Contradictory to Ancient theory, that rulers were sent with Divine help and that they have to be obeyed at any cost, Niccolo was with the view, that a person, himself is responsible for his throne and no one else, even not the people. Though he does not put aside the idea of a common mans support, it is just an factor or a step to the throne rather than the route itself. He is very clear about his ideology that rulers rule because they believe in their strength and they work hard for it. And working hard, for him meant oppression, brutality and cruelty. M achiavelli moves on to present an argument that ignores the question of right and wrong. He acknowledges the use of crime and cruelty in establishing power, and stresses on extreme cruelty if need rises. However, he suggests limiting the time period of cruelty so

Northern and Southern British Colonies of North America Essay Example for Free

due northern and Confederate British Colonies of North America EssayThe views of Northern and Southern British Colonies of North America true different culturally factors including economically and political views, program line, and religious instruction. Colonies in the north and southern drawed their admit characteristics making them significant for the main land, and later becomes the new nation itself.Economic wise, the colonies had more differences than similarities. The North had secondary farms while the south had larger plantations. The Federal colonies developed definitive trades on furs, timber, and other natural resources. The northern colonies developed into shipping center at unfermented York, which originally belonging to the Dutch until 1664, where goods were stored. The English develop the harbors around New York and it became a major shipping center of the colonies. Meanwhile, the south developed heavy trades on agriculture, cotton, rice, and tea. A t the time, the south had fewer raw materials than the North and mostly traded cotton. The cotton crop was the most im user interfaceant trade to the Southern colonies, it was nicknamed queen Cotton. The reason of the Souths plantation out-sizing the Norths plantation was beca drug abuse the social aspect of from each one side. The Northern colony life mainly revolved the church members, when the south had more focus on the wealthy land owner.However, The North and south economics were similar to each other as well for example, Tobacco and slavery. The North and South both also supported the use of indentured servants, people who came to America and was placed under contract to work for land owners for over a period of time, commonly about seven year. Politically, the North and South had differences on who had the bigger voice in the society. In the North, Church membership was the only way to be accepted in to the colony. The church in the north containled the laws and were the most accepted in the colony. Meanwhile, in the South, instead of the church members being superior, the land owners who wealthiest had control over the law. The Southerners tended not to be very religious payable to the number of churches and religious institution in the south.Almost all the population of the South live on plantation and the plantation were very alpha to them more than the religious beliefs. Since The North was large on plantation, thousands of slaves were forced to work on the plantations. Politics in the colonies were empowered by charter called The General Court. The General Court made laws and governed the comp any(prenominal). The colonists adapted the general flirt concept and used it to rule their colonies. The General Court ruled that freeman could only be male person and a church member in rules of order to make sure only religious workforce could decide government issues. The southern colonies were ruled by the oldest legislative called the House of B urgesses. The House of Burgesses complete for judicial and administration which will runs by the representatives from each region in the colonies.Mercantilism played an important lineament in the lives of New Englanders because it was an economic theory and system that supported the establishment of the colonies. New England adopted the indemnity of mercantilism in order to control over the trade of the colonies. The colonies were influenced by the mercantilism policy due to the numerous trading prohibitions and taxes that applied on goods. The first mercantile regulation was the Acts of Trade and Navigation which established three main rules for colonial trade. Firstly, trade between the colonies could only be transported on English or colonial-built ships and operated by English or colonial crews secondly, all goods could only pass through English port and thirdly, certain numbered goods from the colonies could only be exported to England, including tobacco and sugar. But in t he Southern Colonies, the Navigation Act had displace tobacco prices which made the economies suffered.The slave population in the South vastly increased in order to maintain their wealth that dominated trade and politics throughout the colonies. Later on, there will be more similar acts to those of trade and navigation, such as the Staple Act of 1663, The Duty Act of 1673, and the fleece Act of 1699 which limited trade of good. Over time, the concept of mercantilism would rehabilitate due to the changing ideas and theories of unhomogeneous economic scholar such as Adam Smith, Abraham Lincoln, and Alexander Hamilton. Educations also played such an important role in the lives of New Englanders because people were really religious in the American colonies. In the New England colonies, the Puritans built their society based on the principles of Bible. The Puritans valued education because they believed that Satan was keeping those who couldnt acquire from the scriptures.Education i n this time period enabled people to remove the Bible therefore, parents able to teach their children to read the Bible, which was often the only give-and-take they had. Wealthy families usually sent their older children to study at colleges and universities. Girls usually hold backed their education in household skills at home. The education in the southern colonies, children normally began their education at home. Because farms and plantations created difficulty, plantation owners usually hired tutors to teach their children math, science, geography, history, and plantation management. Girls in the South usually taught to learn enough reading, writing, and math to run a house household and to attract a husband.As we cover of Education, The King crowd together Bible had influence the culture of these two diverse regions because it was the only English translated book from the bible. The King James Bible established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 for the next few hundred years, middling every English-speaking American grew up knowing the King James Bible better than any other book. It was the only book that has over one billion copies in print. Because of the well-known bible at its era, both colonies were persuaded the children to learn from King James Bible either from homeschooled or universities. The impact of the King James Bible on English language and western culture is beyond estimation therefore, Education of the North and the South were always involved with the King James Bible.Works Cited.Channing, Edward. The Navigation Acts. Thenagain.info. Thenagain.info, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2013.Grischy, Janet. The Economic and social Differences between the North and the South as a Cause of the Civil War. Helium. Helium, 23 Apr. 2009. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. Hockett, kor C. Political and Social Growth of the American People 1492-1865. (New York The Macmillan Company, 1940).KIRSCH, ADAM. Heirs to the Throne. The New Republic. Www.newrepublic.com, 11 May 2010. W eb. 25 Jan. 2013.The King James Version Its influence on English and American History. The King James Version Its Influence on English and American History. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2013.

A Raisin in the Sun Analysis Essay Example for Free

A Raisin in the Sun Analysis EssayThroughout the play, A Raisin in the Sun, the younger family struggles to come unneurotic as a family. One of the master(prenominal) impediments in their congruity is their differing views on the world. separately character has their have got dream and is unwilling to sacrifice that dream for anything. They are afraid of having their dream deferred. Their dreams, servingicularly Walter Lees, break the family apart, and it is only when they unite their dreams together that they unite the family. Most of the members of the Younger family have round kind of individual dream.Beneatha wants to be a doctor Ruth wants to move into a home that is her witness Mama simply wants to keep the family together and Walter wants to be able to provide comfortably for his family. All these differing dreams and goals hit rifts in the family from time to time, but none more so than Walter Lee Youngers dream. Walter is a pivotal character in the play. His actions shape the spot unquestionably, and it is because of his strong will and perseverance towards his dream that the plot progresses as it does. He believes that his way is the best for the family and he will do anything to achieve it.After vox populi closer to his dream than ever in front he tells Travis, Just tell me what it is you want to be- and youll be it. whatsoever you want to be Yessir You just name it, son and I hand you the world (Hansberry, 109). This reinforces the idea that Walter plan that his dream would save his son. In her book, Worlds of Pain, Lillian B. Rubin writes, For the child especially a boy born into a captain middle class home, the skys the limit his dreams are relatively unfettered by constraints For some working class boys, the experience is just the reverse (Rubin, 38).The life of a child in a professional middle class home is exactly what Walter wants for his son, and he would do anything to get it. He popular opinion that once he achie ved financial security, he could save his son from a working class life. The main issue for Walter, however, would be that his quest for financial security, and ultimately his dream, would come in the midst of him, his family, and his marriage. Ruth senses this and tells Mama, Mama, something is happening amid Walter and me. I dont know what it is but he needs something something I cant give him anymore.He needs this chance, Lena (Hansberry, 42). The chance that she refers to was his first step into an investment towards financial security. He set up his dreams and ambitions in front of everything because of his strong will. This led to somewhat of an apathy towards any other affairs to the house. nowhere is this more apparent than when Walter finds out Ruth plans on getting an abortion. After Mama tries to force him to communion things over with his wife, the stage direction states, (WALTER picks up his keys and his coat and walks out (Hansberry, 75).This all-consuming dream of Walters gets in between Walter and his family and causes tension doneout the plot. Walter lives the poem A Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes throughout the play. Once Mama has bought a new house with the money he wanted to use for his investment, Walter says to her, you butchered up a dream of exploit you who always burbleing bout your childrens dreams (Hansberry, 95). Here he feels like his dream has been deferred and his dream begins to stink like rotten meat (Hughes, 6).Even though most of the people around him could not tick off his dream like he did, his attitude reeked of unfulfilled expectations. His deferred dream fester(s) like a sore (Hughes, 4) and the bother starts to stretch his sanity. He says himself, I want so many things that they are driving me kind of senile Mama look at me (Hansberry, 73). It is this madness and this dream that causes the conflict within the household. The true test of unity for the family came with the second arrival of Mr. Lindner. It is then that Walter has to make a decision that will either bring his family together and place him as head of the household or break them all apart. Ultimately, he puts his family first and heretofore Mama remarks, He finally come into his manhood today, didnt he? Kind of like a rainbow after the rain That day he put his family before his dreams. He realized that moving into their own home and standing up for themselves would be the best thing for his family. With this single act, he reinforced himself as the head of the household. Once everyone, especially Walter, come together towards Mamas dream, they come together as a unit.They no longer act individually but act for the good of the household. They see that their prox is dangerous and they must stand together if they are to oppose it. There is no longer talk of abortions or money they speak more often of the family. This dream of owning their own home is exactly what the family needful and once it was achieved, the Younge rs became stronger and closer. Though Walter had to sacrifice the most, mainly his dreams and ambitions, once he did, he led the family through to their unity. His altruism allowed the family to live in harmony.Professors Bahr Bahr of Brigham University wrote in their article, Families and Self-Sacrifice Alternative Models and Meanings for Family Theory, We draw from the disciplines of economics, history, philosophy, literature, sociology, and from life as lived by quotidian people in making the case that self-sacrifice is a powerful and a essential part of social life generally, and family life in particular (Bahr, 1231). Self-sacrifice is essential for the family to work together as a unit. An individualistic approach to family life leads only to discord and disunity.Walter Lee Younger made this revelation, peradventure even subconsciously, when he decided to refuse the money that Mr. Lindner offered that was necessary to realize his aspirations. Only once this was achieved cou ld the Youngers be a cohesive family unit. English historian Thomas Fuller once said, The darkest hour is just before the dawn. This famous quote is thoroughly applicable to A Raisin in the Sun. Though the Youngers had severe familial problems, they pulled through it stronger than ever before, thanks to the unifying dream that lit the way through the night.

Privatizing of Social Security Essay Example for Free

Privatizing of affectionate Security EssayIn Privatizing Social Security, the write discusses the importance of privatizing affable security. The author gave a brief overview of the history of sociable security and explained what he thinks is wrong with the system. Although the author explained the benefits of privatization, his views come off as a bit simplistic because he oversimplifies the genial and stinting problems that are associated with privatizing social security.In the article the author discusses how the social security trust strain will be in financial difficulty by the year 2018 if the retirement age, tax laws, and other(a) laws associated social security do not change. The author states that the social security financial crisis will approach when the government has to pay the trust fund with treasury notes, which has led him to believe that privatization is the answer to saving the system. Although the author argues that privatization is the answer to socia l security crisis, it is not the best solution because it will lead to social and economic problems in the future.The main problem with the authors argument is that he believes that privatization will allow social security funds to grow, since people will be siting their money rather than simply change to the fund. However the author fails to take into account that most people lack education to successfully invest money, which threatens their future economic security. The author also fails to consider that investing social security funds is the alike to gambling because markets rise and fall and people could potentially lose substantial amounts of retirement money if they specie out during an economic downturn.Although the author made valid points to support privatization, such as changing laws associated with social security, the author should not simplify the costs of privatization because privatizing is a gamble, which takes the security out of social security.

Animal testing Essay Example for Free

Animal scrutiny assayAnimal examination is utilise for many merchandises world extensive. Also physical examination is used for a wide range of social functions, such as items in houses and medicines. Many places test on living organisms, such as head-to-head facilities, universities, and government laboratories. A big debate in todays society is whether or non scientist should use beasts for scrutiny. about of the wights give personal manner during or after the testing. Typing fleshly testing on images on the Internet it is roughly the likely that grue roughly images of rabbits, mice, cats, and dogs existence used as test subjects lead appear. most great deal trust that animal testing has improved the world and continues to do so. They look, at the good gra hold outnt of what animal testing has take for grantede for homo. People want to bedevil sure that the product that they atomic number 18 exploitation is safe and wint affect them in a negative demeanor. Most nation commit that it is okay as long as the animal is put to sleep while being tried on and if the animals aspect no pain then it doesnt matter that they argon being well-tried on. Most deal think that since most people eat animals why non use them for testing, which canister fri ending humans. But some other(a) people think that there are better ways to shoot these experiments. These people cant stand the fact that millions of animals die because of testing. Haugen, David Animal ExperimentationA big money of animal testing is used for enhancives. Items such as mascara and shaving cream are common cosmetics. The most used animals for animal testing are rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice or rats. It is important for some people to pick out that their cosmetics were not used to harm animals. However, other people say that they would rather have their products tried by animals because they would rather be safe and to make sure that they wont be moved(p) by the product in a negative way. Another main reason for animal testing is for medical inquiry. medical examination research has helped technology. Scientist, want to make sure that they are testing with the most current technology and at this moment its animals. The study of animals helps scientist understand better. Ways that Animal testing has helped medial research is that it has helped find a cure for breast cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, and many others.Now days it seems not ethical for humans to be tested on, however in the awaypeople in mental hospitals or prisons have been used as guinea pigs. In the past this behavior was accept equal to(p). Humans that are tested subjects these days are able to speak up for themselves where animals are not capable of that. Most people that agree with animal testing have never been forced to do something that they didnt have a say about and didnt have rights. Darwin has showed that we share a common lineage with other animals, and a subsequent genetic research has shown the closeness of evolutionary links. This means that we are very similar to animal. Boines, The use of curari in a secretarial assistant medium in the management of acute poliomyelitis.Most of the animals that are from the streets or animal shelters that are being used as test subjects. Scientists take that if the animal is going to no use, then it should be used for testing. near laboratories hire people to drive around to find animals on the street. Most people wear thint believe that this is right because that animal could be someones at sea loving deary. In the past there have been cases of animals being stolen for testing and even trades happening for testing. Jmett, The student roos Animal testing has decreased. The main cause of it decreasing is that people have become more aware of it and what the side make are to animals. Also a misgiving of people spend most of their while protesting against it and making other people aware of it. The push of stopping animal testing has affected businesses. For example cosmetic, companies have lost customers because the customers that believe that animal testing isnt ethical dont want to buy their products from a business that test on animals. This has pushed many large cosmetic companies to quit animal testing, only some of them dont tell the complete truth. People have found that companies that say they are animal testing free usu all toldy have other companies test their products on animals for them. They can prolong apart with having the other conjunction willing to test for them because the companies that sell animal tested free products can get away with double or tripling the actual value because they know that customers want to see the wrangle of animal tested free and then the company will share the profit with the other company that tested the products on the animals for them. n.p, A Critical Evaluation of Animal ResearchPeople read articles and the ex planation of how they actually test the animal and it shocks them and they think that animal testing should be banned forever, but most of these people too dont realize that animal testing has helped us with our medical research. Most people that have been sick or are close to someone that is seriously ill and animal testing is one of their only hopes for getting better then they all of a sudden are all for animal testing.A big question is, is animal testing worth it? Some people say no because more than half of the animals end up dying after testing. And the testing is usually for the humans and their bodies can react diverse than the animals, so most people believe that testing isnt even worth it. The other side of the people believes that testing is worth it because even though animals die there is still progress in todays medical research. The more that animals get tested on the more we come closer to a better society. They believe that scientists need to start with something and that something is testing on animals. Botting, The history of thalidomide. Drug News Perspectives, Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to goats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40There have been multiple cases where animal testing has affected animals differently than it affected the humans. When cigarettes first came out, they tested them by animals to see if they were safe. If they went by right what animal testing showed about cigarettes, it would be terms. For animals to inhale cigarette smoke is okay and it wont harm them, where it would harm humans. Cigarettes similarly didnt cause cancer in animals, which they actually do in humans. This shows that cancer is different for animals and humans. Another example is the drug Thalidomide, which was to help prevent nausea and morning sickness for pregnant mothers. Thalidomide was tested on many animals and all of the animals showed the drug as being safe and okay. The drug ended up being unsafe, which c aused babies to be born with deformities. The main deformity from this drug caused flipper limbs. This was when the legs and arms were really short and were joined at the hip and elevate joints. The reason that all of the animals showed this drug to be safe was because the drug was not justly tested. To becorrectly tested they would have had to test the drug on pregnant animals to show straight results, which shows another way that animal testing isnt always effective and doesnt always show the most accu come out results. This is just two out of countless documents where animal testing failed to work. All the products were initially tested on animals and were thought to be safe for humans, but when given to humans, major consequences took place leading to deaths and deformities. Animal testing was disproven to be accurate in these tests. This leads people to believe that animal testing is not safe and that people shouldnt always trust that animal testing would be accurate. Allano u, public availability of data on EU lavishly production volume chemicals. Some people believe that animal testing has slowed the puzzle out of medicine. They believe this because they think that scientists waste time by testing on the animals. They could waste time because some animals react different then humans and most animals end up dying. Others believe that it is worth the time and that great things can come out of animal testing, which is very true. Humans should be very thankful for what scientist have accomplished. Because of animal testing, scientists have been able to create medicines, vaccines, and insulin that can cure humans. Animal testing has also helped physicians. Animal testing has helped them by making it more accurate for them to perform surgeries, such as snapper and lung surgeries. Testing has allowed doctors and scientists save many lives. Animal research has played a vital rise in virtually every major medical advance of the last century for both huma n and veterinarian health. From antibiotics to blood transfusions, from dialysis to organ transplantation, from vaccinations to chemotherapy, bypass surgery and join commutement, practically every present day protocol for the prevention, treatment, cure and control of disease, pain and suffering is based on knowledge attained through research with lab animals. The Foundation for Biomedical Research. This makes people believe that if animal testing were to slow down then advancements in modern medicine would significantly slow down.There are about 450 ways to replace animal testing. For some reason many people believe that animal testing is the only option, but that its wrong. The reason we havent completely stopped testing on animals is because itwould cost a lot of money to replace it, but in the long run it would probably save us money. Also, animals are easier to obtain in labs because scientist are so used to working with them. Its easy to keep their day-to-day habits instea d of changing their whole research and starting over. Also people see that animals die insouciant from being tested and they couldnt imagine seeing humans die occasionally from being experimented with. The rate that society is going, animal testing will always happen, but as time goes by it will be improved and become more humane.Some people believe that animals do not feel pain. Scientists assume though that they do feel pain. An animal has a vertebra back bone just like humans, which leads scientist to believe that they have the aforementioned(prenominal) nerves as us. This means that the animals office feel the same or similar to what we feel. Some scientists do believe that if the animal is in intense shock from the testing it wont feel any pain. This information makes people aware of the effects of animal testing. Some people argue and say that instead of testing on animals test on humans because animals have no say in what happens to them as where humans have a voice and ca n speak up for themselves. The other side of the argument is that a humans life is more valuable than an animals. Humans are more advanced than an animal, which leads people to feel more compassionate about the human.Crawford The insane career of a monster drugSome people view animals as equals to humans. The common thing that most people think is that humans are on a higher level than animals because humans have control over their lives and more characteristics, such as humans are more intelligent, creative, aware, technologically advanced, able to understand and speak an language, and able to make moral choices. These rights are what lead people to believe that humans are higher than animals, but the other side of the argument can prove this wrong in their own way. The other side of the argument says that since animals can feel pain they are the same equally as humans. People dont think that humans and animals should be separated into different groups because they both suffer and can both die. People also point out that not all humans are capable of having all the characteristics that a normal human would have, such as infants orhandicapped humans. These people that have less characteristics sometimes might even have less than an animal so an animal would be higher on power. Also since infants dont have high levels of characteristics many Americans believe that they should be given equal power, which is the same power as a self-aggrandising adult. They think this is right because their parents value them. But then that doesnt work for pets if a human value them. This is very inconsistent it shows that life isnt fair at times. But to be fair everything that is precious by an adult should have rights not just one half.One of the biggest issues that people use to subscribe animal testing is that the animals are going to die eventually anyway. They say that in nature animals would end up obliterateing each other or dying of natural causes. This is very true, but the other side can argue and say that the way the animals are getting tested on is not natural. The animals end up dying, but a painful death that wasnt planned to happen. Some humans torture other humans without their consent such as rape and that it is looked down upon and is not acceptable in our society. Also people for animal testing say humans move the animals and kill them to eat, which is true. The other side states that its not the same because hunting is for a benefit to survive. They understand that animal testing could be for our benefit for example it can be good for medical research. Even though it can be beneficial, it still is different than hunting because animal testing can be a painful process for the animal and not every company uses it for benefits. LyonTobacco smoke and involuntary smoking, monographs on the military rank of carcinogenic risks to humans. International Agency for Research on CancerMost people are unaware that animal testing is actually b eneficial to animals themselves. Animals need to have the best nutrient and if anyone has an animal as a pet more than likely the animal isnt going to go out and hunt for its food in the wild, which would make sure it got all of its necessary nutrition. So to make sure the pet has the best nutrition it has to get all of it in its dog food that people buy at the store for them. To make sure all of the right nutrients is in the dog food and wont harm the animal scientists have to test the product on animals to get the best result. Scientists have also used animals for testing on worms, which is amedical problem for animals and have come up with a result that helps pets lives. Most people agree that this is right because it is actually benefiting the animals and their lives werent just a waste.I believe that animal testing isnt ethical. I am an animal lover, but its not just that. I disagree in what takes place in the labs. I believe that humans and animals are equally on the same leve l. So when you see an animal cramped up in a tight, small cage think to yourself what if they were one of your friends or a family member? These animals never get affection so I imagine what life would be like growing up as a child with no one there to support me or lead the way for me. Animal testing has been around for years and people are just now realizing that it is harmful.I also dont believe that animal testing is accurate. Rabbits look are different than ours. Rabbits feel more pain in their eyes than humans and the pain effects them longer and it takes a long time for the substance that we put in their eyes to go away. A rabbits eye is ten times more reactant to hydraulic solution than our eyes. After the rabbits are tested on scientists wait 14 days until they clean the solution out of their eyes. Whenever Im in the waste and I get shampoo in my eyes I make sure that I clean them out right away, which is normal they shouldnt have to have solution sitting in their eyes f or two weeks when us humans cant even stand it for a minute. The rabbits are extremely affected by this test. The chemical causes swollen eyes, irritated and cloudy eyes, and inflamed skin around the eyes. Also they might endure ulcers, bleeding, or blindness. Once the test are finished the rabbits die.I believe most cosmetic companies are frauds. They say they are doing animal testing to make sure that the products are safe and that they care about their customers. In reality they just perform the animal testing so any customers dont sue them. Many cosmetic companies say that the law requires them to perform test on animals to make sure their products are safe, but the companies dont make that a law. So millions of animals suffer and die for selfish companies not wanting to get sued by their customers. I also believe that in the past when new products were firstcoming out it was okay because we didnt even know how these products would affect anything. In general I think every cosme tic companies knows whats right and wrong for their customers.Works CitedHansen, Allanou R. Public availibility of data on EU high productions volume chemicals. N.p. Jont Research center, 1009. Print.American Practice. Boines, 3 May 2010. Web. 12 Oct. 2012.James, Botting J. The History of thalomide. N.p. Food and Chemical Toxicoigy, 1991. Print. Lane, Crawford C. The schizophrenic carrer of a monster drug. N.p. Pediatrics, 1993. Print.

How Christianity and Judaism are Alike and Different Essay Example for Free

How Christianity and Judaism argon Alike and Different quizJudaism and Christianity argon two of the many faiths of the world. Both of these religions lot be found in the Middle East. Although they are very similar, they also differ in many ways.People who believe in the Jewish religion are c alled Jews. Jews believe that the Messiah is yet to come. In the world there are about 13 million Jewish followers. Jews go to a synagogue to worship their Messiah. They also register the Torah, which is their Holy Book. Abraham founded Judaism in 1700 B.C.E. Jews consider Jerusalem a set apart city because of the Wailing Wall is located there, (which is the last remains of the second temple.) Finally, Jews believe that they are the Chosen People and that Israel is the Promise Land.On the other hand you cede Christianity, these followers are called Christians. Christians believe that the Nazarene was the Son of God and the Messiah. They also believe that Jesus suffered and died for peoples sins and past that he rose from the dead. There are all over 1,000 million Christian followers all over the world Christians believe that Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem so they consider Jerusalem to be a Holy City. They also believe in God and read about their religion in a Bible in a Church. Finally, Jesus established Christianity in 4 B.C.E.Now youve learned all about the differences between Judaism and Christianity but now you have to learn the similarities between the two religions. Both religions are monotheistic meaning they have one God who created the universe. Also, both consider Jerusalem a holy city in different ways. Both religions also have a sacred book that they read to discover things of their religion, although these religions have different books they still learn many similar things, and finally, both religions recognize Jesus in some way, either as a prophet or a Messiah. So, as you can see Judaism and Christianity are very similar but also very differ ent.

Power and Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Power and Knowledge EssayPoststructuralism as one of the modern policy-making school of thought boost its popularity because of its radical assumptions that veered away from the traditional structuralist thinking. The project of the spiritual re endure scholars to control ein truththing including nature through the used of intimacy startleicularly scientific intimacy did non gain much fame in this late century. Structuralism although it offers much in as accrediteding how institutions actd as parts of a social system tend to believe that order of magnitude could control the individual with the aid of science. However, the ideas of jean Lyotard, Michel Foucault and Jean-Luc Nancy be otherwise.The dream of grand theorists to integrate cognition and create a unified social system is the very idea that most contemporary theorists avoid. Prior to the development of poststructuralism, discussion on position and knowledge is continuously a feature get wordn within the structures and not something that emanates from the individual, this structure-agency pendulum continues to fascinate theorists. Structural functionalists believed that social structures such as religion, culture, and disposal have strong hold over the individual particularly in their socialization process.Talcott Parsons (1951) for example, look order of magnitude as the social system divided by subsystems that have specific functions. Each part of fiat functions and creates mutual interdependence thus maintaining the dynamism of whole social system(Parsons 1951). The Contemporary political philosophy opens a lot of venues in analyzing party with proposing meta narratives. Much of the themes of contemporary thinkers would be on the consequences of modernity, globalization among others. Topics on supply and knowledge are just two of the basic issues that philosophers continuously are gaining interest.It provides a picture on how the development of knowledge trans exploited fo rce comparisons in contemporary monastic order. Contemporary political philosophy as it is advanced by the writings of three philosophers mentioned in the previous paragraph, look at power and knowledge in a contrastive light. Before, the scholars would think that the development of knowledge is in a continuum and that power is exerted by institutions to the individual as if power has a center or a fixed point. In Contemporary political philosophy one give notice view that the source of power comes from various agencies,and the seek character of power is in every parley.Power is not only evident on political apparatus, on the religious order or on the intellectual community but power is seen on all arrays of everyday existence. Our day to day social relations are power relations. One of the contemporary thinkers who would employ much time in discussing power is Foucault. Some thinkers considered him as a poststrcuturalist or a postmodernist thinker, because of the fluidity of his ideas. Moreover, there are critics who accused him of relativism because of his theory favors, intersubjectivity, the discursive method, discourse among others.Foucault (2002) did not suggests a central power or a solid one that one can see for instance in an authoritarian decree, rather in looking at troupe, one could see pockets of power or a decentralized one coming from various discourses. On the other hand, in his theory of knowledge one can see its deviation from Descartes Cogito. Reason as the underlying principle of the insight period, did not escaped the gaze of Foucault. In his Madness and Civilization (1965) he examined that through history, madness became an invention that would serve as the opposite of reason.With the definition on madness as non-rational or irrational, it justifies the power of reason during the enlightenment period. Only through its binary opposition which is madness can reason hold its power. The control of the affected role with the developm ent of psychiatry in Madness and Civilization (1965) also served as a recap that looks at how modern society manifests the identical features as that one can find in the discipline of psychiatry. there are various means by which society controls the individual. Foucault discussed that in the modern duration, exercising power lead not necessarily be brute and obvious.One example is his idea of punishment as a result of deviating from the norm. Foucault in Discipline an Punish (1977), discussed in what way torture as a form of punishment in the 18th century was transformed by discipline. With the birth of the prison, instead of attacking the somatogenic body the institution inculcate discipline as a form of punishment. This feature of the prison, and even the birth of the clinic shows how slowly modern society is becoming more authoritarian and all of these are possible because of the different knowledge that people believe as true and moral during their times.Foucault in his Ar cheology of Knowledge (2002) look at historical development not in a continuum because he did not believed in a unified discourse as proposed by grand narratives such as that of the Parsonian theory. What one can see through history are various realities, are what he called discontinuities. Much of his theory of power and knowledge could also be seen in the History of sexual urge (1990) wherein he is not interested in sex activity per se, but in looking at the underlying struggle within the discourse of sexuality.While in the earlier periods, society repress ones sexuality, this kind of discourse even propagates it. The more that society for instance repressed homosexuality, the more that people become interested in exploring the topic. In the History of Sexuality (1990)), he sees the reciprocal relation of power and knowledge. One example is the different meanings that society give on sexual relations such as relations out of marriage and the one allowed by the community. These de finitions creates divisions in society, thus exercising power over the individual through social norms.By propagating a certain kind of knowledge, this could lead to a power relation between groups. The one who is in control of knowledge will therefore exercise power to the other group. However, it must be clear that the reciprocal relation of power and knowledge is not fixed rather it transform through every discourse. Apart from Foucault, Jean Lyotard also contributes to the debate on the relationship of power and knowledge. In his book, the Postmodern Condition (1979) Lyotard mentioned that the transformation of society into industrialized and complex system leads into the redefinition of the nature of knowledge.In Modern societies, the power of the capitalists to open the market leads to the interrogative sentence that, what kind of knowledge is acceptable or is legitimate provided that there are a lot of choices. Lyotard(1979) sees the complexities in modern times because when one looks at it, it is in no longer a question of simple legitimacy of knowledge but a question of who has the power to decide what is acceptable or legitimate. In addressing the uncertainties of knowledge, Lyotard suggests that one should employ the value of speaking the same language game.How can people speak the same language provided that there are various ways of learning things? Lyotard believes that one must contextualize, and in this part he adopts Wittgensteins language game. By contextualizing, the person should be aware of the rules before making considerable actions. Lyotard believes that to be able to analyze knowledge in contemporary society, one must consider what kind of society it is situated. The split between Parsonian theory and that of Marxism will definitely help in looking at the bother of knowledge. Initially one will decide whether to maintain the status quo or radically change it.Because of the cogency of language to bind society through communication, Lyotard favors this framework in addressing the issue of knowledge in the postmodern era. Greatly influenced by Heidegger on the other hand, Jean -Luc Nancy (1991) believed that we are thrown into the world therefore we should not rely on God for our existence. Contemporary society according to him is becoming more chaotic in the sense that the harmonious relation in traditional society is transformed into a complex society where there are a lot of uncertainties. Uncertainties are brought by the unintended consequences of modernity.With the advent of globalization, the closed and neatly tied community is transformed into a complex one. While some thinkers consider the development of society into industrialized one as beneficial, still there are paradoxes to this rationality. Nancy in his concept of community critique the grand project of some societies to create a well-planned system such in the case of the collectivistic state where it only leads to violence. Much of the discussi ons of contemporary political philosophy dwells on how you can locate the discourse on power as a consequence of the accumulation of knowledge.The Unintended consequences of mans front for knowledge and the transformation of knowledge into its many forms leads to different power relations. These power relations are seen on every realm of life, on every discourse in society. It is crucial to note that in the compend of power, power lies to those who have control over knowledge, and in this age of information technology where there is an uncomplicated access to all forms of knowledge, it is only logical to think that power is distributed therefore decentralized.While the contemporary era provide a lot of alternatives,undeniably there are consequences that not even scientific knowledge can calculate. Yet the quest for further knowledge continues because beneath those ideas there you can always find power. discordant forms of power operates on every realm of life. These are the fasc inations of philosophers of the twentieth century.

Stakeholders and the One Industry Town Essay Example for Free

Stakeholders and the One Industry Town Essay1. Identify the stakeholders that influence and/or that argon influenced by the callers decision.The appropriate identification of stakeholders is very important to business corporations as wiz fire to understanding the environment in which they operate. According to this case, there are insufficient eligible workers in the immediate area and workers would have to be attracted from other communities. Employees want to have the convenient transportation of cover charge and forth. And onside accommodations are feasible for them. However, if the company decided to build and maintain a road, they will guide too much money on it. 2. Use the stakeholder mapping matrix to plot the stakeholders based upon their assist or opposition to the plant and their importance to the decision.The stakeholder matrix mapping methodologies give managers a practical approach to assessing the influence of stakeholders. Matrices can be based on a variety of dimensions and designed to suit the companys purpose in stakeholder understanding. Using the stakeholder mapping matrix to plot the stakeholders based upon their support or opposition to the plant can ascertain the likely impact of stakeholder demands on the companys strategies and lay appropriate courses of action to counter influence these demands.3. Make recommendations to management how they should establish relationships with various stakeholders.The companys arrangements must be in place to understand the relationships and ultimately to interact with stakeholders. The company can earmark employees to adopt new ideas from external networks and encourage the employees share their information and work collaboratively.Expropriate to Expedite using1. Who are the stakeholders involved in this situation and what are the issues? The stakeholders are Developers, St. John, 19 post owners, Brendan Murphy, and City Council. * Developers indicated in building a hotel in downtown.* S t. Johns wants the area to be developed because if it developed, the area would be a source of taxation revenue. * 19 property owners, the developers were successful in negotiating purchases with 19 property owners. * Brendan Murphy, who is unaccompanied one of 20 owners, and only he refused to accept the offer from Developers. * City Council, the City Council thinks it was in the habitual interest to develop the site as employment opportunities.2. Should governments have the authority to expropriate private property? Yes, I think so. Because government expropriate private property in order to develop frequent facilities such as parks, public library, and roadway and so on. It is conducive to residents daily life. In addition, it is a safe(p) way to create more employment opportunities.3. What are the implications of the practice of the government expropriating property for the purposes of private festering? First implication is the government is a non supportive Stakeholder, b ecause government is trying to reduce the organizations dependence on stakeholders. Then, Developers are the supportive Stakeholder such as Langton Green Development and Halifax-based Pacrin Hospitality Services. They are estimated to cost between $30 and $40 million to develop the area.

American culture Essay Example for Free

the Statesn grow EssayThe machi democracys, more(prenominal) than different singularitys of kitchen-gardening, provide avenues for the expression of visual sensation and personal vision. They project a cathode-ray oscilloscope of emotional and intellectual pleasures to consumers of booksse and be an alpha look in which a culture represents itself. There has long been a Hesperian usage distinguishing those cunnings that supplicant to the multitude, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as favorite euphony, from those much(prenominal) as classical orchestral medicationnormally acquirable to the elect(ip) of learning and penchant. universal subterfuge wees be usually seen as more representative Ameri mountain products. In the fall in States in the recent past, there has been a intermix of universal and elite guile forms, as all the ruseistrys see a period of unusual cross-fertilization. Because public art forms be so wide distri al sensationed, h umanities of all kinds aim prospered. The arts in the fall in States express the galore(postnominal) faces and the enormous creative range of the American concourse. Especially since World war far-offe II, American innovations and the long aptitude displayed in literature, bound, and music have make American heathenish plant compassionate being famous.Arts in the unite States have establish internationally prominent in slipway that are unparalleled in history. American art forms during the second half of the twentieth century a lot defined the styles and qualities that the rest of the humanness emulated. At the end of the twentieth century, American art was considered equal in quality and vitality to art produced in the rest of the world. Throughout the twentieth century, American arts have grget to incorporate wise visions and voices. Much of this red-hot esthetical energy came in the wake of Americas emergence as a superpower after World state of war II.But it was excessively due to the growth of tender York City as an authorized center for publishing and the arts, and the immigration of artists and intellectuals fleeing fascism in Europe before and during the war. An fount of talent similarly followed the civil rights and protest causes of the 1960s, as cultural favoritism against blacks, women, and other companys diminished. American arts flourish in legion(predicate) places and receive instigate from private pitchations, large(p) corporations, local political sympathiess, federal agencies, museums, galleries, and individuals.What is considered decorous of oppose very much plays on definitions of quality and of what constitutes art. This is a tricky content when the popular arts are increasingly incorporated into the domain of the fine arts and crude forms much(prenominal)(prenominal) as consummation art and c at one timeptual art appear. As a result, defining what is art affects what students are taught about past traditions (for example, native Australian American tent paintings, oral traditions, and slave narratives) and what is produced in the future.While round practitioners, such as studio artists, are more vulnerable to these definitions because they depend on financial support to exercise their talents, others, such as poets and photographers, are less immediately constrained. Artists opera house housete in a world where those who theorize and critique their fail have taken on an increasingly important role. Audiences are influenced by a vicissitude of intermediariescritics, the schools, foundations that offer grants, the matter Endowment for the Arts, picture gallery owners, publishers, and theater manufacturers.In some areas, such as the playacting arts, popular audiences may ultimately define success. In other arts, such as painting and sculpture, success is far more dependent on critics and a few, very much wealthy, art collectors. Writers depend on publishers and on the popular for their success. Unlike their predecessors, who relied on formal criteria and appealed to esthetical judgments, critics at the end of the 20th century leaned more toward popular tastes, taking into account groups previously ignored and valuing the merger of popular and elite forms.These critics often relied less on aesthetic judgments than on complaisant measures and were impatient(predicate) to place aesthetical productions in the context of the time and social conditions in which they were give rised. Whereas earlier critics attempted to create an American tradition of steep art, later critics apply art as a means to give power and approval to nonelite groups who were previously not considered estimable of including in the nations artistic heritage. Not so long ago, culture and the arts were assumed to be an incurable inheritancethe accumulated wisdom and highest forms of achievement that were set up in the past.In the 20th century generally, and sur e as shooting since World War II, artists have been boldly destroying older traditions in sculpture, painting, trip the light fantastic toe, music, and literature. The arts have commuted rapidly, with one movement replacing another in quick succession. a) Visual arts. The ocular arts have conventionally include forms of expression that appeal to the eyes through painted surfaces, and to the awareness of space through carved or molded materials. In the nineteenth century, photographs were added to the paintings, drawings, and sculpture that make up the ocular arts.The visual arts were only augmented in the 20th century by the access of other materials, such as found objects. These transports were accompanied by a profound alteration in tastes, as earlier dialect on realistic representation of people, objects, and embellishs made way for a great range of imaginative forms. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, American art was considered inferior to European art. D espite noted American painters such as Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Mary Cassatt, and John Marin, American visual arts barely had an international presence.American art began to flourish during the Great Depression of the thirties as bleak-made Deal government programs provided support to artists along with other sectors of the population. Artists attached with each other and certain a sense of common affair through programs of the Public locks Administration, such as the federal official Art Project, as well as programs sponsored by the Treasury De resolvement. Most of the art of the period, including painting, photography, and mural work, focus on the plight of the American people during the depression, and to the highest degree artists painted real people in effortful circumstances.Artists such as Thomas stag Benton and Ben Shahn expressed the suffering of ordinary people through their representations of essay farmers and workers. While artists such as Benton and let Wood foc apply on artless vivification, many an(prenominal) painters of the thirty-something and forties depicted the multicultural life of the American city. Jacob Lawrence, for example, re-created the history and lives of African Americans. Other artists, such as Andrew Wyeth and Edward Hopper, tried to use human figures to describe emotional states such as loneliness and despair. con Expressionism.Shortly after World War II, American art began to garner worldwide attention and admiration. This change was due to the innovative rapture of abridgment expressionism in the mid-fifties and to subsequent sophisticated art movements and artists. The victimize expressionists of the mid-20th century broke from the realist and figurative tradition set in the 1930s. They emphasised their connection to international artistic visions rather than the particularities of people and place, and most lineation expressionists did not paint human figures (although artist Willem de Kooning did portrayals of women).Color, shape, and movement reign the canvases of top expressionists. rough artists broke with the occidental art tradition by adopting innovative painting stylesduring the 1950s Jackson Pollock painted by dripping paint on canvases without the use of brushes, while the paintings of crown of thorns Rothko often consisted of large patches of distort that reckon to vibrate. Abstract expressionists felt alienated from their surrounding culture and employ art to challenge societys conventions. The work of each artist was quite individual and distinctive, but all the artists identified with the radicalism of artistic creativity.The artists were eager to challenge conventions and limits on expression in order to define the nature of art. Their radicalism came from liberating themselves from the confining artistic traditions of the past. The most notable activity took place in in the altogether York City, which became one of the worlds most important art centers during the second half of the 20th century. The radical fervor and inventiveness of the diddle expressionists, their frequent tie beam with each other in bare-assed York Citys Greenwich Village, and the support of a group of gallery owners and dealers turned them into an artistic movement.Also cognise as the bleak York School, the participants included Barnett newlyman, Robert Motherwell, Franz Kline, and Arshile Gorky, in addition to Rothko and Pollock. The members of the New York School came from diverse backgrounds such as the American middle west and Northwest, Armenia, and Russia, bringing an international flavor to the group and its artistic visions. They hoped to appeal to art audiences everywhere, regardless of culture, and they felt connected to the radical innovations introduced earlier in the 20th century by European artists such as Pablo Picasso and marcel Duchamp.Some of the artistsHans Hofmann, Gorky, Rothko, and de Kooningwere not born in the United Sta tes, but all the artists saw themselves as part of an international creative movement and an aesthetic rebellion. As artists felt released from the boundaries and conventions of the past and drop off to emphasize expressiveness and innovation, the abstract expressionists gave way to other innovative styles in American art. Beginning in the 1930s Joseph Cornell created hundreds of boxed assemblages, usually from found objects, with each ground on a single theme to create a conceit of contemplation and sometimes of reverence.Cornells boxes exemplify the modern fascination with individual vision, art that breaks set down boundaries between forms such as painting and sculpture, and the use of nonchalant objects toward a impudent end. Other artists, such as Robert Rauschenberg, have disparate objects to create large, collage-like sculptures known as combines in the 1950s. Jasper Johns, a painter, sculptor, and printmaker, recreated countless familiar objects, most memorably the Am erican flag. The most prominent American artistic style to follow abstract expressionism was the pop art movement that began in the 1950s.Pop art attempted to connect tralatitious art and popular culture by using images from mass culture. To handshaking lookers out of their preconceived notions about art, sculptor Claes Oldenburg used customary objects such as pillows and beds to create witty, soft sculptures. Roy Lichtenstein took this a step further by elevating the techniques of commercial message art, notably cartooning, into fine art worthy of galleries and museums. Lichtensteins large, blown-up cartoons fill the surface of his canvases with grainy black dots and mind the existence of a distinct acres of high art.These artists tried to make their audiences see ordinary objects in a refreshing new way, thereby breaking down the conventions that formerly defined what was worthy of artistic representation. Probably the best-known pop artist, and a tiper in the movement, wa s Andy Warhol, whose images of a Campbells soup can and of the actress Marilyn Monroe explicitly eroded the boundaries between the art world and mass culture. Warhol in any case cultivated his status as a celebrity. He worked in adopt as a handler and producer to break down the boundaries between traditional and popular art.Unlike the abstract expressionists, whose conceptual plant life were often difficult to understand, Andy Warhols pictures, and his own face, were tricely recognizable. Conceptual art, as it came to be known in the 1960s, like its predecessors, sought to break free of traditional artistic associations. In conceptual art, as practiced by Sol LeWitt and Joseph Kosuth, concept takes power over demonstrable object, by stimulating intellection rather than following an art tradition based on conventional standards of beauty and artisanship.Modern artists changed the nub of traditional visual arts and brought a new imaginative dimension to ordinary experience. A rt was no longer viewed as separate and distinct, housed in museums as part of a historical inheritance, but as a continuous creative process. This emphasis on constant change, as well as on the ordinary and mundane, reflected a distinctly American democratizing perspective. showing art in this way retravel the emphasis from technique and polished performance, and many modern artwhole kit and boodle and experiences became more about expressing ideas than about perfecting finished products. Photography.Photography is in all probability the most democratic modern art form because it can be, and is, practiced by most Americans. Since 1888, when George Eastman actual the Kodak camera that allowed anyone to take pictures, photography has struggled to be recognised as a fine art form. In the early part of the 20th century, photographer, editor, and artistic showman Alfred Stieglitz established 291, a gallery in New York City, with fellow photographer Edward Steichen, to showcase the w orks of photographers and painters. They similarly published a magazine called Camera Work to increase awareness about photographic art.In the United States, photographic art had to compete with the widely available commercial photography in intelligence activity and fashion magazines. By the 1950s the tradition of photojournalism, which presented word stories primarily with photographs, had produced many outstanding works. In 1955 Steichen, who was director of photography at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, called attention to this work in an collection called The Family of Man. Throughout the 20th century, most professional photographers bring in their living as portraitists or photojournalists, not as artists.One of the most important exceptions was Ansel Adams, who took majestic photographs of the horse opera American landscape. Adams used his art to stimulate social awareness and to support the conservation cause of the sierra Club. He helped found the photography de partment at the Museum of Modern Art in 1940, and six age later helped establish the photography department at the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco (now the San Francisco Art Institute). He also held annual photography workshops at Yosemite National Park from 1955 to 1981 and wrote a serial publication of influential books on photographic technique.Adamss elegant landscape photography was only one small bombard in a growing current of following in photography as an art form. ahead of time in the 20th century, teacher-turned-photographer Lewis Hine established a documentary tradition in photography by capturing actual people, places, and events. Hine photographed urban conditions and workers, including child laborers. Along with their artistic value, the photographs often implicitly called for social reform. In the 1930s and mid-forties, photographers coupled with other depression-era artists supported by the federal government to create a hotographic record of rur al America. Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, and Arthur Rothstein, among others, produced memorable and widely reproduced portraits of rural poverty and American distress during the Great Depression and during the scatter storms of the period. In 1959, after touring the United States for two years, Swiss-born photographer Robert rude published The Americans, one of the landmarks of documentary photography. His photographs of ordinary life in America introduced viewers to a depressing, and often depressed, America that existed in the midst of prosperity and world power.Photographers continued to inquisition for new photographic viewpoints. This search was perhaps most disturbingly incarnate in the work of Diane Arbus. Her photos of mental patients and her surreal depictions of Americans altered the viewers relationship to the photograph. Arbus emphasized artistic alienation and forced viewers to stare at images that often made them uncomfortable, thus changing the heart of the or dinary reality that photographs are meant to capture. American photography continues to flourish.The many variants of art photography and socially sensible documentary photography are widely available in galleries, books, and magazines. A host of other visual arts thrive, although they are far less connected to traditional fine arts than photography. Decorative arts include, but are not limited to, art glass, furniture, jewelry, pottery, metalwork, and quilts. oft exhibited in craft galleries and studios, these decorative arts rely on ideals of beauty in shape and color as well as an gustatory modality of well-executed crafts. Some of these forms are also developed commercially.The decorative arts provide a wide range of opportunity for creative expression and have become a means for Americans to actively participate in art and to purchase art for their homes that is more affordable than works produced by many contemporary fine artists. 4. Performing arts As in other cultural sph eres, the acting arts in the United States in the 20th century increasingly blended traditional and popular art forms. The classical playacting artsmusic, opera, dance, and theaterwere not a widespread feature of American culture in the foremost half of the 20th century.These arts were generally imported from or strongly influenced by Europe and were in the first-year place appreciated by the wealthy and well educated. Traditional art usually referred to classical forms in concert dance and opera, orchestral or chamber music, and serious drama. The distinctions between traditional music and popular music were intemperately drawn in most areas. During the 20th century, the American performing arts began to incorporate wider groups of people. The African American community produced great musicians who became widely known around the country. get laid and blues singers such as Bessie Smith, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Billie pass spread their sounds to black and white au diences. In the 1930s and 1940s, the swing music of Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, and Glenn Miller competent jazz to make a unique American music that was popular around the country. The American performing arts also blended Latin American influences fount in the 20th century. Between 1900 and 1940, Latin American dances, such as the tango from Argentina and the rhumba from Cuba, were introduced into the United States.In the 1940s a fusion of Latin and jazz elements was stimulated first by the Afro-Cuban mambo and later on by the Brazilian bossa nova. Throughout the 20th century, high-powered classical institutions in the United States attracted international talent. Noted Russian-born choreographer George Balanchine established the transient American Ballet Company in the 1930s later he founded the company that in the 1940s would become the New York City Ballet. The American Ballet Theatre, also established during the 1940s, brought in non-American dancers as well.By the mi d-seventies this company had attracted Soviet defector Mikhail Baryshnikov, an internationally acclaimed dancer who served as the companys artistic director during the 1980s. In classical music, influential Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, who placid symphonies using innovative tuneful styles, moved to the United States in 1939. German-born pianist, composer, and music director Andre Previn, who started out as a jazz pianist in the 1940s, went on to conduct a number of distinguished American music orchestra orchestras.Another Soviet, cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D. C. , in 1977. Some of the most innovative artists in the first half of the 20th century successfully incorporated new forms into classical traditions. Composers George Gershwin and Aaron Copland, and dancer Isadora Duncan were notable examples. Gershwin combine jazz and spectral music with classical in popular works such as Rhapsody in Blue (1924) and the opera Porgy and Bess (1935).Copland developed a unique style that was influenced by jazz and American folk music. first in the century, Duncan redefined dance along more expressive and free-form lines. Some artists in music and dance, such as composer John Cage and dancer and choreographer Merce Cunningham, were even more experimental. During the 1930s Cage worked with electronically produced sounds and sounds made with everyday objects such as pots and pans. He even invented a new kind of piano.During the late 1930s, avant-garde choreographer Cunningham began to gather with Cage on a number of projects. Perhaps the sterling(prenominal), and certainly the most popular, American innovation was the Broadway musical, which also became a movie staple. Beginning in the 1920s, the Broadway musical combined music, dance, and dramatic performance in ways that surpassed the older vaudeville shows and musical revues but without being as complex as European kibibyte opera.By the 1960s, this American musical tradition was well established and had produced extraordinary works by important musicians and lyricists such as George and Ira Gershwin, Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, Jerome Kern, and Oscar Hammerstein II. These productions required an immense effort to coordinate music, drama, and dance. Because of this, the musical became the brooder of an American modern dance tradition that produced some of Americas greatest choreographers, among them Jerome Robbins, Gene Kelly, and Bob Fosse.In the 1940s and 1950s the American musical tradition was so dynamic that it attracted outstanding classically trained musicians such as Leonard Bernstein. Bernstein composed the music for West Side Story, an updated adjustment of Romeo and Juliet set in New York that became an instant classic in 1957. The following year, Bernstein became the first American-born conductor to lead a major(ip) American orchestra, the New York Philharmonic. He was an international sensation who traveled the world as an ambassador of the American style of conducting.He brought the art of classical music to the public, especially through his preadolescent Peoples Concerts, television shows that were seen around the world. Bernstein used the many facets of the musical tradition as a force for change in the music world and as a way of bringing attention to American innovation. In many ways, Bernstein embodied a version of American music that began in the 1960s. The changes that took place during the 1960s and 1970s resulted from a significant increase in funding for the arts and their increased availability to larger audiences.New York City, the American center for art performances, experienced an artistic explosion in the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental off-Broadway theaters opened, new ballet companies were established that often emphasized modern forms or blended modern with classical (Martha whole wheat flour was an especially important influenc e), and an experimental music scene developed that included composers such as Philip deoxyephedrine and performance groups such as the Guarneri railroad train Quartet. Dramatic innovation also continued to expand with the works of playwrights such as Edward Albee, Tony Kushner, and David Mamet.As the variety of performances grow, so did the serious crossover between traditional and popular music forms. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, an expanded repertory of traditional arts was being conveyed to new audiences. Popular music and jazz could be hear in formal settings such as Carnegie Hall, which had once been restricted to classical music, while the Brooklyn Academy of melody became a venue for experimental music, exotic and ethnic dance presentations, and traditional productions of grand opera. Innovative producer Joseph Papp had been staging Shakespeare in Central Park since the 1950s.Boston conductor Arthur Fiedler was playing a mixed repertoire of classical and popular favor ites to large audiences, often outdoors, with the Boston Pops Orchestra. By the mid-1970s the United States had several world-class symphony orchestras, including those in Chicago New York Cleveland, Ohio and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Even grand opera was affected. Once a specialized taste that often required extensive knowledge, opera in the United States increased in popularity as the ringlet of respected institutions grew to include companies in Seattle, Washington Houston, Texas and Santa Fe, New Mexico.American composers such as John Adams and Philip wish-wash began composing modern operas in a new minimalist style during the 1970s and 1980s. The crossover in tastes also influenced the Broadway musical, probably Americas most durable music form. kickoff in the 1960s, rock music became an agent in musical productions such as Hair (1967). By the 1990s, it had become an even stronger presence in musicals such as look at in Da Noise, Bring in Da Funk (1996), which used Afric an American music and dance traditions, and Rent (1996) a modern, rock version of the classic opera La Boheme.This updating of the musical opened the theater to new ethnic audiences who had not previously be Broadway shows, as well as to young audiences who had been raised on rock music. Performances of all kinds have become more available across the country. This is due to both the stainless increase in the number of performance groups as well as to advances in transportation. In the pop off quarter of the 20th century, the number of major American symphonies doubled, the number of resident theaters increased fourfold, and the number of dance companies increased tenfold.At the same time, planes made it easier for artists to travel. Artists and companies regularly tour, and they expand the audiences for individual artists such as performance artist Laurie Anderson and opera singer Jessye Norman, for musical groups such as the Juilliard Quartet, and for dance troupes such as the A lvin Ailey American Dance Theater. Full-scale theater productions and musicals first presented on Broadway now reach cities across the country. The United States, once a provincial outpost with a limited European tradition in performance, has become a flourishing center for the performing arts. . Arts and letters The arts, more than other features of culture, provide avenues for the expression of imagination and personal vision. They offer a range of emotional and intellectual pleasures to consumers of art and are an important way in which a culture represents itself. There has long been a Western tradition distinguishing those arts that appeal to the multitude, such as popular music, from thosesuch as classical orchestral musicnormally available to the elite of learning and taste. Popular art forms are usually seen as more representative American products.In the United States in the recent past, there has been a blending of popular and elite art forms, as all the arts experienced a period of remarkable cross-fertilization. Because popular art forms are so widely distributed, arts of all kinds have prospered. The arts in the United States express the many faces and the enormous creative range of the American people. Especially since World War II, American innovations and the immense energy displayed in literature, dance, and music have made American cultural works world famous.Arts in the United States have become internationally prominent in ways that are unparalleled in history. American art forms during the second half of the 20th century often defined the styles and qualities that the rest of the world emulated. At the end of the 20th century, American art was considered equal in quality and vitality to art produced in the rest of the world. Throughout the 20th century, American arts have grown to incorporate new visions and voices. Much of this new artistic energy came in the wake of Americas emergence as a superpower after World War II.But it was also du e to the growth of New York City as an important center for publishing and the arts, and the immigration of artists and intellectuals fleeing fascism in Europe before and during the war. An outpouring of talent also followed the civil rights and protest movements of the 1960s, as cultural discrimination against blacks, women, and other groups diminished. American arts flourish in many places and receive support from private foundations, large corporations, local governments, federal agencies, museums, galleries, and individuals.What is considered worthy of support often depends on definitions of quality and of what constitutes art. This is a tricky subject when the popular arts are increasingly incorporated into the domain of the fine arts and new forms such as performance art and conceptual art appear. As a result, defining what is art affects what students are taught about past traditions (for example, Native American tent paintings, oral traditions, and slave narratives) and what is produced in the future.While some practitioners, such as studio artists, are more vulnerable to these definitions because they depend on financial support to exercise their talents, others, such as poets and photographers, are less immediately constrained. Artists operate in a world where those who theorize and critique their work have taken on an increasingly important role. Audiences are influenced by a variety of intermediariescritics, the schools, foundations that offer grants, the National Endowment for the Arts, gallery owners, publishers, and theater producers.In some areas, such as the performing arts, popular audiences may ultimately define success. In other arts, such as painting and sculpture, success is far more dependent on critics and a few, often wealthy, art collectors. Writers depend on publishers and on the public for their success. Unlike their predecessors, who relied on formal criteria and appealed to aesthetic judgments, critics at the end of the 20th centu ry leaned more toward popular tastes, taking into account groups previously ignored and valuing the merger of popular and elite forms. These critics ften relied less on aesthetic judgments than on social measures and were eager to place artistic productions in the context of the time and social conditions in which they were created. Whereas earlier critics attempted to create an American tradition of high art, later critics used art as a means to give power and approval to nonelite groups who were previously not considered worthy of including in the nations artistic heritage. Not so long ago, culture and the arts were assumed to be an unalterable inheritancethe accumulated wisdom and highest forms of achievement that were established in the past.In the 20th century generally, and certainly since World War II, artists have been boldly destroying older traditions in sculpture, painting, dance, music, and literature. The arts have changed rapidly, with one movement replacing another in quick succession. a) Visual arts. The visual arts have traditionally included forms of expression that appeal to the eyes through painted surfaces, and to the sense of space through carved or molded materials. In the 19th century, photographs were added to the paintings, drawings, and sculpture that make up the visual arts.The visual arts were further augmented in the 20th century by the addition of other materials, such as found objects. These changes were accompanied by a profound alteration in tastes, as earlier emphasis on realistic representation of people, objects, and landscapes made way for a greater range of imaginative forms. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, American art was considered inferior to European art. Despite noted American painters such as Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Mary Cassatt, and John Marin, American visual arts barely had an international presence.American art began to flourish during the Great Depression of the 1930s as New Deal governmen t programs provided support to artists along with other sectors of the population. Artists connected with each other and developed a sense of common purpose through programs of the Public Works Administration, such as the Federal Art Project, as well as programs sponsored by the Treasury Department. Most of the art of the period, including painting, photography, and mural work, focused on the plight of the American people during the depression, and most artists painted real people in difficult circumstances.Artists such as Thomas Hart Benton and Ben Shahn expressed the suffering of ordinary people through their representations of struggling farmers and workers. While artists such as Benton and Grant Wood focused on rural life, many painters of the 1930s and 1940s depicted the multicultural life of the American city. Jacob Lawrence, for example, re-created the history and lives of African Americans. Other artists, such as Andrew Wyeth and Edward Hopper, tried to use human figures to describe emotional states such as loneliness and despair. Abstract Expressionism.Shortly after World War II, American art began to garner worldwide attention and admiration. This change was due to the innovative fervor of abstract expressionism in the 1950s and to subsequent modern art movements and artists. The abstract expressionists of the mid-20th century broke from the realist and figurative tradition set in the 1930s. They emphasized their connection to international artistic visions rather than the particularities of people and place, and most abstract expressionists did not paint human figures (although artist Willem de Kooning did portrayals of women).Color, shape, and movement dominated the canvases of abstract expressionists. Some artists broke with the Western art tradition by adopting innovative painting stylesduring the 1950s Jackson Pollock painted by dripping paint on canvases without the use of brushes, while the paintings of Mark Rothko often consisted of large pat ches of color that seem to vibrate. Abstract expressionists felt alienated from their surrounding culture and used art to challenge societys conventions. The work of each artist was quite individual and distinctive, but all the artists identified with the radicalism of artistic creativity.The artists were eager to challenge conventions and limits on expression in order to redefine the nature of art. Their radicalism came from liberating themselves from the confining artistic traditions of the past. The most notable activity took place in New York City, which became one of the worlds most important art centers during the second half of the 20th century. The radical fervor and inventiveness of the abstract expressionists, their frequent association with each other in New York Citys Greenwich Village, and the support of a group of gallery owners and dealers turned them into an artistic movement.Also known as the New York School, the participants included Barnett Newman, Robert Motherwe ll, Franz Kline, and Arshile Gorky, in addition to Rothko and Pollock. The members of the New York School came from diverse backgrounds such as the American Midwest and Northwest, Armenia, and Russia, bringing an international flavor to the group and its artistic visions. They hoped to appeal to art audiences everywhere, regardless of culture, and they felt connected to the radical innovations introduced earlier in the 20th century by European artists such as Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp.Some of the artistsHans Hofmann, Gorky, Rothko, and de Kooningwere not born in the United States, but all the artists saw themselves as part of an international creative movement and an aesthetic rebellion. As artists felt released from the boundaries and conventions of the past and free to emphasize expressiveness and innovation, the abstract expressionists gave way to other innovative styles in American art. Beginning in the 1930s Joseph Cornell created hundreds of boxed assemblages, usually f rom found objects, with each based on a single theme to create a mood of contemplation and sometimes of reverence.Cornells boxes exemplify the modern fascination with individual vision, art that breaks down boundaries between forms such as painting and sculpture, and the use of everyday objects toward a new end. Other artists, such as Robert Rauschenberg, combined disparate objects to create large, collage-like sculptures known as combines in the 1950s. Jasper Johns, a painter, sculptor, and printmaker, recreated countless familiar objects, most memorably the American flag. The most prominent American artistic style to follow abstract expressionism was the pop art movement that began in the 1950s.Pop art attempted to connect traditional art and popular culture by using images from mass culture. To shake viewers out of their preconceived notions about art, sculptor Claes Oldenburg used everyday objects such as pillows and beds to create witty, soft sculptures. Roy Lichtenstein took t his a step further by elevating the techniques of commercial art, notably cartooning, into fine art worthy of galleries and museums. Lichtensteins large, blown-up cartoons fill the surface of his canvases with grainy black dots and question the existence of a distinct realm of high art.These artists tried to make their audiences see ordinary objects in a refreshing new way, thereby breaking down the conventions that formerly defined what was worthy of artistic representation. Probably the best-known pop artist, and a leader in the movement, was Andy Warhol, whose images of a Campbells soup can and of the actress Marilyn Monroe explicitly eroded the boundaries between the art world and mass culture. Warhol also cultivated his status as a celebrity. He worked in film as a director and producer to break down the boundaries between traditional and opular art. Unlike the abstract expressionists, whose conceptual works were often difficult to understand, Andy Warhols pictures, and his own face, were instantly recognizable. Conceptual art, as it came to be known in the 1960s, like its predecessors, sought to break free of traditional artistic associations. In conceptual art, as practiced by Sol LeWitt and Joseph Kosuth, concept takes precedent over actual object, by stimulating thought rather than following an art tradition based on conventional standards of beauty and artisanship.Modern artists changed the meaning of traditional visual arts and brought a new imaginative dimension to ordinary experience. Art was no longer viewed as separate and distinct, housed in museums as part of a historical inheritance, but as a continuous creative process. This emphasis on constant change, as well as on the ordinary and mundane, reflected a distinctly American democratizing perspective. Viewing art in this way removed the emphasis from technique and polished performance, and many modern artworks and experiences became more about expressing ideas than about perfecting finished p roducts.Photography. Photography is probably the most democratic modern art form because it can be, and is, practiced by most Americans. Since 1888, when George Eastman developed the Kodak camera that allowed anyone to take pictures, photography has struggled to be recognized as a fine art form. In the early part of the 20th century, photographer, editor, and artistic impresario Alfred Stieglitz established 291, a gallery in New York City, with fellow photographer Edward Steichen, to showcase the works of photographers and painters.They also published a magazine called Camera Work to increase awareness about photographic art. In the United States, photographic art had to compete with the widely available commercial photography in news and fashion magazines. By the 1950s the tradition of photojournalism, which presented news stories primarily with photographs, had produced many outstanding works. In 1955 Steichen, who was director of photography at the Museum of Modern Art in New Yor k, called attention to this work in an exhibition called The Family of Man.Throughout the 20th century, most professional photographers earned their living as portraitists or photojournalists, not as artists. One of the most important exceptions was Ansel Adams, who took majestic photographs of the Western American landscape. Adams used his art to stimulate social awareness and to support the conservation cause of the Sierra Club. He helped found the photography department at the Museum of Modern Art in 1940, and six years later helped establish the photography department at the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco (now the San Francisco Art Institute).He also held annual photography workshops at Yosemite National Park from 1955 to 1981 and wrote a series of influential books on photographic technique. Adamss elegant landscape photography was only one small stream in a growing current of interest in photography as an art form. Early in the 20th century, teacher-turned-pho tographer Lewis Hine established a documentary tradition in photography by capturing actual people, places, and events. Hine photographed urban conditions and workers, including child laborers.Along with their artistic value, the photographs often implicitly called for social reform. In the 1930s and 1940s, photographers joined with other depression-era artists supported by the federal government to create a photographic record of rural America. Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, and Arthur Rothstein, among others, produced memorable and widely reproduced portraits of rural poverty and American distress during the Great Depression and during the dust storms of the period.In 1959, after touring the United States for two years, Swiss-born photographer Robert Frank published The Americans, one of the landmarks of documentary photography. His photographs of everyday life in America introduced viewers to a depressing, and often depressed, America that existed in the midst of prosperity and wo rld power. Photographers continued to search for new photographic viewpoints. This search was perhaps most disturbingly embodied in the work of Diane Arbus. Her photos of mental patients and her surreal depictions of Americans altered the viewers relationship to the photograph.Arbus emphasized artistic alienation and forced viewers to stare at images that often made them uncomfortable, thus changing the meaning of the ordinary reality that photographs are meant to capture. American photography continues to flourish. The many variants of art photography and socially conscious documentary photography are widely available in galleries, books, and magazines. A host of other visual arts thrive, although they are far less connected to traditional fine arts than photography.Decorative arts include, but are not limited to, art glass, furniture, jewelry, pottery, metalwork, and quilts. Often exhibited in craft galleries and studios, these decorative arts rely on ideals of beauty in shape and color as well as an appreciation of well-executed crafts. Some of these forms are also developed commercially. The decorative arts provide a wide range of opportunity for creative expression and have become a means for Americans to actively participate in art and to purchase art for their homes that is more affordable than works produced by many contemporary fine artists. . Performing arts As in other cultural spheres, the performing arts in the United States in the 20th century increasingly blended traditional and popular art forms. The classical performing artsmusic, opera, dance, and theaterwere not a widespread feature of American culture in the first half of the 20th century. These arts were generally imported from or strongly influenced by Europe and were mainly appreciated by the wealthy and well educated. Traditional art usually referred to classical forms in ballet and opera, orchestral or chamber music, and serious drama.The distinctions between traditional music and popu lar music were firmly drawn in most areas. During the 20th century, the American performing arts began to incorporate wider groups of people. The African American community produced great musicians who became widely known around the country. Jazz and blues singers such as Bessie Smith, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Billie Holiday spread their sounds to black and white audiences. In the 1930s and 1940s, the swing music of Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, and Glenn Miller adapted jazz to make a unique American music that was popular around the country.The American performing arts also blended Latin American influences beginning in the 20th century. Between 1900 and 1940, Latin American dances, such as the tango from Argentina and the rumba from Cuba, were introduced into the United States. In the 1940s a fusion of Latin and jazz elements was stimulated first by the Afro-Cuban mambo and later on by the Brazilian bossa nova. Throughout the 20th century, dynamic classical institutions in the United States attracted international talent.Noted Russian-born choreographer George Balanchine established the short-lived American Ballet Company in the 1930s later he founded the company that in the 1940s would become the New York City Ballet. The American Ballet Theatre, also established during the 1940s, brought in non-American dancers as well. By the 1970s this company had attracted Soviet defector Mikhail Baryshnikov, an internationally acclaimed dancer who served as the companys artistic director during the 1980s. In classical music, influential Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, who composed symphonies using innovative musical styles, moved to the United States in 1939.German-born pianist, composer, and conductor Andre Previn, who started out as a jazz pianist in the 1940s, went on to conduct a number of distinguished American symphony orchestras. Another Soviet, cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D. C. , in 1977. Some of the most innovative artists in the first half of the 20th century successfully incorporated new forms into classical traditions. Composers George Gershwin and Aaron Copland, and dancer Isadora Duncan were notable examples.Gershwin combined jazz and spiritual music with classical in popular works such as Rhapsody in Blue (1924) and the opera Porgy and Bess (1935). Copland developed a unique style that was influenced by jazz and American folk music. Early in the century, Duncan redefined dance along more expressive and free-form lines. Some artists in music and dance, such as composer John Cage and dancer and choreographer Merce Cunningham, were even more experimental. During the 1930s Cage worked with electronically produced sounds and sounds made with everyday objects such as pots and pans.He even invented a new kind of piano. During the late 1930s, avant-garde choreographer Cunningham began to collaborate with Cage on a number of projects. Perhaps the greatest, an d certainly the most popular, American innovation was the Broadway musical, which also became a movie staple. Beginning in the 1920s, the Broadway musical combined music, dance, and dramatic performance in ways that surpassed the older vaudeville shows and musical revues but without being as complex as European grand opera.By the 1960s, this American musical tradition was well established and had produced extraordinary works by important musicians and lyricists such as George and Ira Gershwin, Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, Jerome Kern, and Oscar Hammerstein II. These productions required an immense effort to coordinate music, drama, and dance. Because of this, the musical became the incubator of an American modern dance tradition that produced some of Americas greatest choreographers, among them Jerome Robbins, Gene Kelly, and Bob Fosse.In the 1940s and 1950s the American musical tradition was so dynamic that it attracted outstanding classically trained m usicians such as Leonard Bernstein. Bernstein composed the music for West Side Story, an updated version of Romeo and Juliet set in New York that became an instant classic in 1957. The following year, Bernstein became the first American-born conductor to lead a major American orchestra, the New York Philharmonic. He was an international sensation who traveled the world as an ambassador of the American style of conducting.He brought the art of classical music to the public, especially through his Young Peoples Concerts, television shows that were seen around the world. Bernstein used the many facets of the musical tradition as a force for change in the music world and as a way of bringing attention to American innovation. In many ways, Bernstein embodied a transformation of American music that began in the 1960s. The changes that took place during the 1960s and 1970s resulted from a significant increase in funding for the arts and their increased availability to larger audiences.New York City, the American center for art performances, experienced an artistic explosion in the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental off-Broadway theaters opened, new ballet companies were established that often emphasized modern forms or blended modern with classical (Martha Graham was an especially important influence), and an experimental music scene developed that included composers such as Philip Glass and performance groups such as the Guarneri String Quartet. Dramatic innovation also continued to expand with the works of playwrights such as Edward Albee, Tony Kushner, and David Mamet.As the variety of performances expanded, so did the serious crossover between traditional and popular music forms. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, an expanded repertoire of traditional arts was being conveyed to new audiences. Popular music and jazz could be heard in formal settings such as Carnegie Hall, which had once been restricted to classical music, while the Brooklyn Academy of Music became a venue for experimental music, exotic and ethnic dance presentations, and traditional productions of grand opera. Innovative producer Joseph Papp had been staging Shakespeare in Central Park since the 1950s.Boston conductor Arthur Fiedler was playing a mixed repertoire of classical and popular favorites to large audiences, often outdoors, with the Boston Pops Orchestra. By the mid-1970s the United States had several world-class symphony orchestras, including those in Chicago New York Cleveland, Ohio and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Even grand opera was affected. Once a specialized taste that often required extensive knowledge, opera in the United States increased in popularity as the roster of respected institutions grew to include companies in Seattle, Washington Houston, Texas and Santa Fe, New Mexico.American composers such as John Adams and Philip Glass began composing modern operas in a new minimalist style during the 1970s and 1980s. The crossover in tastes also influenced the Broadw ay musical, probably Americas most durable music form. Starting in the 1960s, rock music became an ingredient in musical productions such as Hair (1967). By the 1990s, it had become an even stronger presence in musicals such as Bring in Da Noise, Bring in Da Funk (1996), which used African American music and dance traditions, and Rent (1996) a modern, rock version of the classic opera La Boheme.This updating of the musical opened the theater to new ethnic audiences who had not previously attended Broadway shows, as well as to young audiences who had been raised on rock music. Performances of all kinds have become more available across the country. This is due to both the sheer increase in the number of performance groups as well as to advances in transportation. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the number of major American symphonies doubled, the number of resident theaters increased fourfold, and the number of dance companies increased tenfold.At the same time, planes made it easier for artists to travel. Artists and companies regularly tour, and they expand the audiences for individual artists such as performance artist Laurie Anderson and opera singer Jessye Norman, for musical groups such as the Juilliard Quartet, and for dance troupes such as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. Full-scale theater productions and musicals first presented on Broadway now reach cities across the country. The United States, once a provincial outpost with a limited European tradition in performance, has become a flourishing center for the performing arts.